8 research outputs found

    Biomarkers to Localize Seizure from Electrocorticography to Neurons Level

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    Interictal Network Dynamics in Paediatric Epilepsy Surgery

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    Epilepsy is an archetypal brain network disorder. Despite two decades of research elucidating network mechanisms of disease and correlating these with outcomes, the clinical management of children with epilepsy does not readily integrate network concepts. For example, network measures are not used in presurgical evaluation to guide decision making or surgical management plans. The aim of this thesis was to investigate novel network frameworks from the perspective of a clinician, with the explicit aim of finding measures that may be clinically useful and translatable to directly benefit patient care. We examined networks at three different scales, namely macro (whole brain diffusion MRI), meso (subnetworks from SEEG recordings) and micro (single unit networks) scales, consistently finding network abnormalities in children being evaluated for or undergoing epilepsy surgery. This work also provides a path to clinical translation, using frameworks such as IDEAL to robustly assess the impact of these new technologies on management and outcomes. The thesis sets up a platform from which promising computational technology, that utilises brain network analyses, can be readily translated to benefit patient care

    Advanced Invasive Neurophysiological Methods to Aid Decision Making in Paediatric Epilepsy Surgery

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    For patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, surgery is the most effective treatment to attain seizure freedom. Intracranial electroencephalogram investigations succeed in defining the seizure onset zone (SOZ) where non-invasive methods fail to identify a single seizure generator. However, resection of the SOZ does not always lead to a surgical benefit and, in addition, eloquent functions like language might be compromised. The aim of this thesis was to use advanced invasive neurophysiological methods to improve pre-surgical planning in two ways. The first aim was to improve delineation of the pathological tissue, the SOZ using novel quantitative neurophysiological biomarkers: high gamma activity (80–150Hz) phase-locked to low frequency iEEG discharges (phase-locked high gamma, PLHG) and high frequency oscillations called fast ripples (FR, 250–500Hz). Resection of contacts containing these markers were recently reported to lead to an improved seizure outcome. The current work shows the first replication of the PLHG metric in a small adult pilot study and a larger paediatric cohort. Furthermore, I tested whether surgical removal of PLHG- and/or FR-generating brain areas resulted in better outcome compared to the current clinical SOZ delineation. The second aim of this work was to aid delineation of eloquent language cortex. Invasive event-related potentials (iERP) and spectral changes in the beta and gamma frequency bands were used to determine cortical dynamics during speech perception and production across widespread brain regions. Furthermore, the relationship between these cortical dynamics and the relationship to electrical stimulation responses was explored. For delineation of pathological tissue, the combination of FRs and SOZ proved to be a promising biomarker. Localising language cortex showed the highest level of activity around the perisylvian brain regions with a significantly higher occurrence rate of iERPs compared to spectral changes. Concerning electrical stimulation mapping beta and high gamma frequency bands represented the most promising markers

    Towards Accurate Forecasting of Epileptic Seizures: Artificial Intelligence and Effective Connectivity Findings

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    L’épilepsie est une des maladies neurologiques les plus frĂ©quentes, touchant prĂšs d’un pourcent de la population mondiale. De nos jours, bien qu’environ deux tiers des patients Ă©pileptiques rĂ©pondent adĂ©quatement aux traitements pharmacologiques, il reste qu’un tiers des patients doivent vivre avec des crises invalidantes et imprĂ©visibles. Quoique la chirurgie d’épilepsie puisse ĂȘtre une autre option thĂ©rapeutique envisageable, le recours Ă  la chirurgie de rĂ©section demeure trĂšs faible en partie pour des raisons diverses (taux de rĂ©ussite modeste, peur des complications, perceptions nĂ©gatives). D’autres avenues de traitement sont donc souhaitables. Une piste actuellement explorĂ©e par des groupes de chercheurs est de tenter de prĂ©dire les crises Ă  partir d’enregistrements de l’activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale des patients. La capacitĂ© de prĂ©dire la survenue de crises permettrait notamment aux patients, aidants naturels ou personnels mĂ©dical de prendre des mesures de prĂ©caution pour Ă©viter les dĂ©sagrĂ©ments reliĂ©s aux crises voire mĂȘme instaurer un traitement pour les faire avorter. Au cours des derniĂšres annĂ©es, d’importants efforts ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©ployĂ©s pour dĂ©velopper des algorithmes de prĂ©diction de crises et d’en amĂ©liorer les performances. Toutefois, le manque d’enregistrements Ă©lectroencĂ©phalographiques intracrĂąniens (iEEG) de longue durĂ©e de qualitĂ©, la quantitĂ© limitĂ©e de crises, ainsi que la courte durĂ©e des pĂ©riodes interictales constituaient des obstacles majeurs Ă  une Ă©valuation adĂ©quate de la performance des algorithmes de prĂ©diction de crises. RĂ©cemment, la disponibilitĂ© en ligne d’enregistrements iEEG continus avec Ă©chantillonnage bilatĂ©ral (des deux hĂ©misphĂšres) acquis chez des chiens atteints d’épilepsie focale Ă  l’aide du dispositif de surveillance ambulatoire implantable NeuroVista a partiellement facilitĂ© cette tĂąche. Cependant, une des limitations associĂ©es Ă  l’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es durant la conception d’un algorithme de prĂ©diction de crises Ă©tait l’absence d’information concernant la zone exacte de dĂ©but des crises (information non fournie par les gestionnaires de cette base de donnĂ©es en ligne). Le premier objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait la mise en oeuvre d’un algorithme prĂ©cis de prĂ©diction de crises basĂ© sur des enregistrements iEEG canins de longue durĂ©e. Les principales contributions Ă  cet Ă©gard incluent une localisation quantitative de la zone d’apparition des crises (basĂ©e sur la fonction de transfert dirigĂ© –DTF), l’utilisation d’une nouvelle fonction de coĂ»t via l’algorithme gĂ©nĂ©tique proposĂ©, ainsi qu’une Ă©valuation quasi-prospective des performances de prĂ©diction (donnĂ©es de test d’un total de 893 jours). Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© une amĂ©lioration des performances de prĂ©diction par rapport aux Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures, atteignant une sensibilitĂ© moyenne de 84.82 % et un temps en avertissement de 10 %. La DTF, utilisĂ©e prĂ©cĂ©demment comme mesure de connectivitĂ© pour dĂ©terminer le rĂ©seau Ă©pileptique (objectif 1), a Ă©tĂ© prĂ©alablement validĂ©e pour quantifier les relations causales entre les canaux lorsque les exigences de quasi-stationnaritĂ© sont satisfaites. Ceci est possible dans le cas des enregistrements canins en raison du nombre relativement faible de canaux. Pour faire face aux exigences de non-stationnaritĂ©, la fonction de transfert adaptatif pondĂ©rĂ©e par le spectre (Spectrum weighted adaptive directed transfer function - swADTF) a Ă©tĂ© introduit en tant qu’une version variant dans le temps de la DTF. Le second objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de valider la possibilitĂ© d’identifier les endroits Ă©metteurs (ou sources) et rĂ©cepteurs d’activitĂ© Ă©pileptiques en appliquant la swADTF sur des enregistrements iEEG de haute densitĂ© provenant de patients admis pour Ă©valuation prĂ©-chirurgicale au CHUM. Les gĂ©nĂ©rateurs d’activitĂ© Ă©pileptique Ă©taient dans le volume rĂ©sĂ©quĂ© pour les patients ayant des bons rĂ©sultats post-chirurgicaux alors que diffĂ©rents foyers ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s chez les patients ayant eu de mauvais rĂ©sultats postchirurgicaux. Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent la possibilitĂ© d’une identification prĂ©cise des sources et rĂ©cepteurs d’activitĂ©s Ă©pileptiques au moyen de la swADTF ouvrant la porte Ă  la possibilitĂ© d’une meilleure sĂ©lection d’électrodes de maniĂšre quantitative dans un contexte de dĂ©veloppement d’algorithme de prĂ©diction de crises chez l’humain. Dans le but d’explorer de nouvelles avenues pour la prĂ©diction de crises Ă©pileptiques, un nouveau prĂ©curseur a aussi Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© combinant l’analyse des spectres d’ordre supĂ©rieur et les rĂ©seaux de neurones artificiels (objectif 3). Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© des diffĂ©rences statistiquement significatives (p<0.05) entre l’état prĂ©ictal et l’état interictal en utilisant chacune des caractĂ©ristiques extraites du bi-spectre. UtilisĂ©es comme entrĂ©es Ă  un perceptron multicouche, l’entropie bispectrale normalisĂ©e, l’entropie carrĂ© normalisĂ©e, et la moyenne ont atteint des prĂ©cisions respectives de 78.11 %, 72.64% et 73.26%. Les rĂ©sultats de cette thĂšse confirment la faisabilitĂ© de prĂ©diction de crises Ă  partir d’enregistrements d’électroencĂ©phalographie intracrĂąniens. Cependant, des efforts supplĂ©mentaires en termes de sĂ©lection d’électrodes, d’extraction de caractĂ©ristiques, d’utilisation des techniques d’apprentissage profond et d’implĂ©mentation Hardware, sont nĂ©cessaires avant l’intĂ©gration de ces approches dans les dispositifs implantables commerciaux.----------ABSTRACT Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent “unpredictable” seizures. While the first line of treatment consists of long-term drug therapy about one-third of patients are said to be pharmacoresistant. In addition, recourse to epilepsy surgery remains low in part due to persisting negative attitudes towards resective surgery, fear of complications and only moderate success rates. An important direction of research is to investigate the possibility of predicting seizures which, if achieved, can lead to novel interventional avenues. The paucity of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings, the limited number of ictal events, and the short duration of interictal periods have been important obstacles for an adequate assessment of seizure forecasting. More recently, long-term continuous bilateral iEEG recordings acquired from dogs with naturally occurring focal epilepsy, using the implantable NeuroVista ambulatory monitoring device have been made available on line for the benefit of researchers. Still, an important limitation of these recordings for seizure-prediction studies was that the seizure onset zone was not disclosed/available. The first objective of this thesis was to develop an accurate seizure forecasting algorithm based on these canine ambulatory iEEG recordings. Main contributions include a quantitative, directed transfer function (DTF)-based, localization of the seizure onset zone (electrode selection), a new fitness function for the proposed genetic algorithm (feature selection), and a quasi-prospective assessment of seizure forecasting on long-term continuous iEEG recordings (total of 893 testing days). Results showed performance improvement compared to previous studies, achieving an average sensitivity of 84.82% and a time in warning of 10 %. The DTF has been previously validated for quantifying causal relations when quasistationarity requirements are met. Although such requirements can be fulfilled in the case of canine recordings due to the relatively low number of channels (objective 1), the identification of stationary segments would be more challenging in the case of high density iEEG recordings. To cope with non-stationarity issues, the spectrum weighted adaptive directed transfer function (swADTF) was recently introduced as a time-varying version of the DTF. The second objective of this thesis was to validate the feasibility of identifying sources and sinks of seizure activity based on the swADTF using high-density iEEG recordings of patients admitted for pre-surgical monitoring at the CHUM. Generators of seizure activity were within the resected volume for patients with good post-surgical outcomes, whereas different or additional seizure foci were identified in patients with poor post-surgical outcomes. Results confirmed the possibility of accurate identification of seizure origin and propagation by means of swADTF paving the way for its use in seizure prediction algorithms by allowing a more tailored electrode selection. Finally, in an attempt to explore new avenues for seizure forecasting, we proposed a new precursor of seizure activity by combining higher order spectral analysis and artificial neural networks (objective 3). Results showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between preictal and interictal states using all the bispectrum-extracted features. Normalized bispectral entropy, normalized squared entropy and mean of magnitude, when employed as inputs to a multi-layer perceptron classifier, achieved held-out test accuracies of 78.11%, 72.64%, and 73.26%, respectively. Results of this thesis confirm the feasibility of seizure forecasting based on iEEG recordings; the transition into the ictal state is not random and consists of a “build-up”, leading to seizures. However, additional efforts in terms of electrode selection, feature extraction, hardware and deep learning implementation, are required before the translation of current approaches into commercial devices

    Influence of deep structures on the EEG and their invasive and non-invasive assessment

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    Tesis inĂ©dita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de FisiologĂ­a, leĂ­da el 22-11-2019El EEG es la prueba diagnĂłstica de mayor utilidad en el diagnĂłstico de la epilepsia. Consiste esencialmente en la representaciĂłn grĂĄfica de los potenciales postsinĂĄpticos generados en las neuronas piramidales de la corteza. Los campos elĂ©ctricos registrados en la superficie tienen principalmente dos mecanismos de origen: conducciĂłn de volumen desde regiones adyacentes y propagaciĂłn interneuronal sinĂĄptica. Las neuronal piramidales se agrupan formando microcircuitos locales siendo estos circuitos los responsables de la generaciĂłn delos ritmos registrados en el EEG. Uno de los principales retos de la electroencefalografĂ­a consiste en descifrar la relaciĂłn entre la actividad registrada y la actividad subyacente en las redes neuronales. Para encontrar la fuente de dichas actividades, es necesario tener en cuenta complejos mecanismos tanto no lineales como lineales, asĂ­ como el efecto de la conducciĂłn de volumen y la influencia de la morfologĂ­a y las propiedades elĂ©ctricas del cerebro y el crĂĄneo. AdemĂĄs, las regiones cerebrales se encuentran profusamente interconectadas a menudo produciendo una modulaciĂłn recĂ­proca que añade un mayor grado complejidad...The EEG is the most valuable diagnostic test in epilepsy. In essence, it mainly consists in agraphical representation of the summated postsynaptic potentials generated in the pyramidal neurons from the cortex. The electrical fields can be generated on the scalp by two mechanisms: volume conduction from nearby regions and synaptic inter‐neuronal propagation. Pyramidal cells align conforming local microcircuit configurations which activation lead to the generation of EEG rhythms. One of the main challenges of EEG is to decipher the relation between the recorded EEG activity and the activity in the neuronal networks. To find the source of EEG activity, complex non‐linear and linear mechanisms as well as volume conduction effect and influence of the shape and electrical properties of the brain and skull need to be taken in consideration. In addition, brain regions are profusely interconnected and functionally connected regions often produce mutual modulation that adds additional complexity...Depto. de FisiologĂ­aFac. de MedicinaTRUEunpu

    Simulation and implementation of novel deep learning hardware architectures for resource constrained devices

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    Corey Lammie designed mixed signal memristive-complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) hardware architectures, which were used to reduce the power and resource requirements of Deep Learning (DL) systems; both during inference and training. Disruptive design methodologies, such as those explored in this thesis, can be used to facilitate the design of next-generation DL systems
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