Simulation technique for available bandwidth estimation

The paper proposes a method for measuring available bandwidth, based on testing network packets of various sizes (Variable Packet Size method, VPS). The boundaries of applicability of the model have been found, which are based on the accuracy of measurements of packet delays, also we have derived a formula of measuring the upper limit of bandwidth. The computer simulation has been performed and relationship between the measurement error of available bandwidth and the number of measurements has been found. Experimental verification with the use of RIPE Test Box measuring system has shown that the suggested method has advantages over existing measurement techniques. Pathload utility has been chosen as an alternative technique of measurement, and to ensure reliable results statistics by SNMP agent has been withdrawn directly from the router

Impact of the sovereignization of the Russian internet segment on political opposition

The digital revolution transformed the way in which people interact with one another and the state and redefined our means and manners of communication. This thesis examines the impact that internet restrictions can have on political activity using the example of Russia’s “sovereign Internet” legislation and its impact on Russia’s political opposition. The research touches upon the framework of digital sovereignization, its possible effects on “non-systemic” opposition, and potential impact on the Internet as a whole. The hypothesis of this work was largely proven correct following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which served as a catalyst for digital sovereignization processes in the Russian Federation. The findings indicate the factors that could be used by state authorities to determine which online platforms constitute the highest risks for a political regime and assess the likelihood of further developments. The data used and assessed within the first chapter of this work was largely compiled prior to the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation on February 24th 2022 and reflects the author’s estimates of the potential impact of different sovereignization scenarios on Russia’s “non-systemic” opposition. The purpose of the second chapter was to document the effects of the war on Russia’s efforts at Internet sovereignization, compare them to the prognoses made in the first chapter of the work, and evaluate the differences between the author’s prognoses and practical implementation.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5507056*es

FUTURE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used worldwide for a variety of applications such as air, land and sea. The GPS and the Russian GLONASS are the only fully operational Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to its several advantages, such as simplicity of use, successful implementation and global availability, this has been considered as the cornerstone of positioning in navigation system applications for the people who are visually impaired. However, due to standalone single frequency service, the positioning performance has not been sufficient for some accuracy and precision demanding applications. The problems of obtaining high accuracy real time positions in the field have led the navigation community to develop a GNSS augmentation system. However, several questions have been raised with this new development, such as how good the new method is? During any satellite configuration, would it be able to provide the accuracy at the same level? In a reliable way, would it be able to replace conventional GPS method? In this paper, a detailed review of all necessary understandings concerning GNSS and with a focal point on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and GNSS augmentation systems positioning performance, is provided. The enormous demand to further improve positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities for both civil and military users on existing GNSS systems has directed efforts to modernise the GPS and GLONASS system and introduce new systems such as Galileo navigation system

FUTURE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used worldwide for a variety of applications such as air, land and sea. The GPS and the Russian GLONASS are the only fully operational Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to its several advantages, such as simplicity of use, successful implementation and global availability, this has been considered as the cornerstone of positioning in navigation system applications for the people who are visually impaired. However, due to standalone single frequency service, the positioning performance has not been sufficient for some accuracy and precision demanding applications. The problems of obtaining high accuracy real time positions in the field have led the navigation community to develop a GNSS augmentation system. However, several questions have been raised with this new development, such as how good the new method is? During any satellite configuration, would it be able to provide the accuracy at the same level? In a reliable way, would it be able to replace conventional GPS method? In this paper, a detailed review of all necessary understandings concerning GNSS and with a focal point on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and GNSS augmentation systems positioning performance, is provided. The enormous demand to further improve positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities for both civil and military users on existing GNSS systems has directed efforts to modernise the GPS and GLONASS system and introduce new systems such as Galileo navigation system

CHORUS Deliverable 2.1: State of the Art on Multimedia Search Engines

Based on the information provided by European projects and national initiatives related to multimedia search as well as domains experts that participated in the CHORUS Think-thanks and workshops, this document reports on the state of the art related to multimedia content search from, a technical, and socio-economic perspective. The technical perspective includes an up to date view on content based indexing and retrieval technologies, multimedia search in the context of mobile devices and peer-to-peer networks, and an overview of current evaluation and benchmark inititiatives to measure the performance of multimedia search engines. From a socio-economic perspective we inventorize the impact and legal consequences of these technical advances and point out future directions of research

Kapeankaistan LTE koneiden välisessä satelliittitietoliikenteessä

Recent trends to wireless Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication and Internet of Things (IoT) has created a new demand for more efficient low-throughput wireless data connections. Beside the traditional wireless standards, focused on high bandwidth data transfer, has emerged a new generation of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) which targets for less power demanding low-throughput devices requiring inexpensive data connections. Recently released NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) specification extends the existing 4G/LTE standard allowing more easily accessible LPWAN cellular connectivity for IoT devices. Narrower bandwidth and lower data rates combined to a simplified air interface make it less resource demanding still benefiting from the widely spread LTE technologies and infrastructure. %% Applications & Why space Applications, such as wide scale sensor or asset tracking networks, can benefit from a global scale network coverage and easily available low-cost user equipment which could be made possible by new narrowband IoT satellite networks. In this thesis, the NB-IoT specification and its applicability for satellite communication is discussed. Primarily, LTE and NB-IoT standards are designed only for terrestrial and their utilization in Earth-to-space communication raises new challenges, such as timing and frequency synchronization requirements when utilizing Orthogonal Frequency Signal Multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. Many of these challenges can be overcome by specification adaptations and other existing techniques making minimal changes to the standard and allowing extension of the terrestrial cellular networks to global satellite access.Viimeaikaiset kehitystrendit koneiden välisessä kommunikaatiossa (Machine to Machine Communication, M2M) ja esineiden Internet (Internet of Things, IoT) -sovelluksissa ovat luoneet perinteisteisten nopean tiedonsiirron langattomien standardien ohelle uuden sukupolven LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Networks) -tekniikoita, jotka ovat tarkoitettu pienitehoisille tiedonsiirtoa tarvitseville sovelluksille. Viimeaikoina yleistynyt NB-IoT standardi laajentaa 4G/LTE standardia mahdollistaen entistä matalamman virrankulutuksen matkapuhelinyhteydet IoT laitteissa. Kapeampi lähetyskaista ja hitaampi tiedonsiirtonopeus yhdistettynä yksinkertaisempaan ilmarajapintaan mahdollistaa pienemmän resurssivaatimukset saman aikaan hyötyen laajalti levinneistä LTE teknologioista ja olemassa olevasta infrastruktuurista. Useissa sovelluskohteissa, kuten suurissa sensoriverkoissa, voitaisiin hyötyä merkittävästi globaalista kattavuudesta yhdistettynä edullisiin helposti saataviin päätelaitteisiin. Tässä työssä käsitellään NB-IoT standardia ja sen soveltuvuutta satellittitietoliikenteeseen. LTE ja NB-IoT ovat kehitty maanpääliseen tietoliikenteeseen ja niiden hyödyntäminen avaruuden ja maan välisessä kommunikaatiossa aiheuttaa uusia haasteita esimerkiksi aika- ja taajuussynkronisaatiossa ja OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Signal Multiplexing) -tekniikan hyödyntämisessä. Nämä haasteet voidaan ratkaista soveltamalla spesifikaatiota sekä muilla jo olemassa olevilla tekniikoilla tehden mahdollisimman vähän muutoksia alkuperäiseen standardiin, ja täten sallien maanpäälisten IoT verkkojen laajenemisen avaruuteen