Arc fault protections for aeronautic applications: a review identifying the effects, detection methods, current progress, limitations, future challenges, and research needs

©2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Arc faults are serious discharges, damaging insulation systems and triggering electrical fires. This is a transversal topic, affecting from residential to aeronautic applications. Current commercial aircrafts are being progressively equipped with arc fault protections. With the development of more electric aircrafts (MEA), future airliners will require more electrical power to enhance fuel economy, save weight and reduce emissions. The ultimate goal of MEAs is electrical propulsion, where fault management devices will have a leading role, because aircraft safety is of utmost importance. Therefore, current fault management devices must evolve to fulfill the safety requirements of electrical propelled aircrafts. To deal with the increased electrical power generation, the distribution voltage must be raised, thus leading to new electrical fault types, in particular arc tracking and series arcing, which are further promoted by the harsh environments typical of aircraft systems, i.e., low pressure, extreme humidity and a wide range of temperatures. Therefore, the development of specific electrical protections which are able to protect against these fault types is a must. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of electrical protections for aeronautic applications, identifying the current status and progress, their drawbacks and limitations, the future challenges and research needs to fulfill the future requirements of MEAs, with a special emphasis on series arc faults due to arc tracking, because of difficulty in detecting such low-energy faults in the early stage and the importance and harmful effects of tracking activity in cabling insulation systems. This technological and scientific review is based on a deep analysis of research and conference papers, official reports, white papers and international regulations.This research was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, grant number PID2020-114240RB-I00 and by the Generalitat de Catalunya, grant number 2017 SGR 967.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Discrimination of PD Signal using Wavelet Transform for Insulation Diagnosis of GIS under HVDC

중전기 산업에서 부분방전의 검출 및 분석 기술은 전력설비의 상태진단 및 자산관리를 위한 가장 효과적인 방법으로 간주되어 왔다. 그러나 검출의 감도 및 정확도는 현장 노이즈에 영향을 받아 위험도 평가, 결함 판별 또는 위치 추정의 오류를 유발한다. 교류전압에서 부분방전 신호의 노이즈 제거는 활발히 연구되었지만, 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 HVDC에서 관련 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. HVDC 기술이 급속히 발전되면서 관련 전력설비 진단을 위하여, HVDC에서 부분방전 신호의 노이즈를 제거할 필요가 있다. 이들 배경으로 본 논문에서는 HVDC 가스절연구조에서 절연진단의 감도 및 정확도를 향상할 목적으로 웨이블릿 변환을 이용하여 부분방전 신호를 식별하였다. 직류에서 부분방전 신호를 발생하기 위하여 실험계를 구축하였다. HVDC는 몰드변압기, 고압 다이오드 및 커패시터로 구성된 정류회로로 발생시켰다. 가스절연구조에서 발생하는 절연결함을 모의하기 위하여 도체돌출, 외함돌출, 자유입자 및 절연물 크랙 4종의 전극계를 제작하였다. 전극계는 SF6 가스를 0.5MPa로 충진하였으며, 차폐함을 사용하여 외부 노이즈의 영향을 최소화하였다. 4종의 모의결함에서 부분방전 단일펄스를 검출하여 HVDC에서 부분방전을 분석하기 위한 웨이블릿 변환 기술을 최적화하였다. 상관계수 및 동적시간워핑 법을 이용하여 부분방전 펄스와 다양한 모웨이블릿의 유사성을 비교하였다. 결과로부터 동적시간워핑 법에 의해 선정된 모웨이블릿 bior2.6이 HVDC에서 부분방전 신호 분석에 가장 적합하였다. 최적의 문턱함수 및 문턱값을 선정하기 위하여 감쇠 지수 펄스 및 감쇠 진동 펄스를 모의하였으며, 신호-잡음비, 상관계수, 크기 변화를 비교한 결과, 중간 문턱함수-자동 문턱값이 최적의 조합으로 선정되었다. 실제 부분방전 분석 및 평가 시 단일 펄스가 아닌 펄스 시퀀스가 사용되기 때문에, 최적화된 웨이블릿 변환 기술을 이용하여 모의결함으로부터 검출된 부분방전 신호를 식별하였으며, 그 효과를 고역 통과 필터와 비교하였다. 결과로부터, 부분방전 신호 식별 시 고역통과필터에 비해 웨이블리 기술이 잡음 감소와 상관계수가 높게, 크기 변화가 낮게 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 웨이블릿 방법은 배경 잡음, 진폭 변조 전파 장해, 비정현 잡음 및 스위칭 임펄스로 간섭된 부분방전 신호를 식별하는 데 효과적이었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 웨이블릿 변환 기술은 현장의 노이즈로부터 부분방전 신호를 성공적으로 식별하였다. 향후 HVDC에서 가스절연구조의 부분방전 검출 및 분석에 적용될 것으로 예상되며, 부분방전 검출, 위험도 평가, 결함 판별 및 위치 측정의 정확도가 향상될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.Contents ⅰ Lists of Figures and Tables ⅲ Abstract ⅵ Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Dissertation Outline 5 Chapter 2 Partial Discharge Review 7 2.1 Mechanism and Recurrence 7 2.2 Detection and Measurement 12 2.3 Analysis Methods 23 Chapter 3 Experiment and Optimization 45 3.1 Experimental Setup 45 3.2 Optimization of Wavelet Transform 49 Chapter 4 Discrimination of PD Sequences 66 4.1 DEP-type Pulse Sequence 70 4.2 DOP-type Pulse Sequence 79 Chapter 5 Conclusions 89Docto

Time domain analysis of switching transient fields in high voltage substations

Switching operations of circuit breakers and disconnect switches generate transient currents propagating along the substation busbars. At the moment of switching, the busbars temporarily acts as antennae radiating transient electromagnetic fields within the substations. The radiated fields may interfere and disrupt normal operations of electronic equipment used within the substation for measurement, control and communication purposes. Hence there is the need to fully characterise the substation electromagnetic environment as early as the design stage of substation planning and operation to ensure safe operations of the electronic equipment. This paper deals with the computation of transient electromagnetic fields due to switching within a high voltage air-insulated substation (AIS) using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) metho

Entropy-based feature extraction for electromagnetic discharges classification in high-voltage power generation

This work exploits four entropy measures known as Sample, Permutation, Weighted Permutation, and Dispersion Entropy to extract relevant information from Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) discharge signals that are useful in fault diagnosis of High-Voltage (HV) equipment. Multi-class classification algorithms are used to classify or distinguish between various discharge sources such as Partial Discharges (PD), Exciter, Arcing, micro Sparking and Random Noise. The signals were measured and recorded on different sites followed by EMI expert’s data analysis in order to identify and label the discharge source type contained within the signal. The classification was performed both within each site and across all sites. The system performs well for both cases with extremely high classification accuracy within site. This work demonstrates the ability to extract relevant entropy-based features from EMI discharge sources from time-resolved signals requiring minimal computation making the system ideal for a potential application to online condition monitoring based on EMI

34th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems-Final Program

Organized by the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California. Cosponsored by the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society. Symposium Organizing Committee: General Chairman-Sherif Michael, Technical Program-Roberto Cristi, Publications-Michael Soderstrand, Special Sessions- Charles W. Therrien, Publicity: Jeffrey Burl, Finance: Ralph Hippenstiel, and Local Arrangements: Barbara Cristi

Accurate Classification of Partial Discharge Phenomena in Power Transformers in the Presence of Noise

The objective of this research is to accurately classify different types of Partial Discharge (PD) phenomenon that occurs in transformers in the presence of noise. A PD is an electrical discharge or spark that bridges a small portion of the insulation in electrical equipment, which causes progressive deterioration of high voltage equipment and could potentially lead to flashover. The data for the study is generated from a laboratory setup and it is 300 time series signals each with 2016 attributes corresponding to 3 types of PDs; namely: Porcelain, Cable and Corona. The data is collected from two sensors with different bandwidths, in which Channel A signals refer to the data collected from the higher frequency sensor and signals from Channel B refer to data of the lower frequency sensor. Different feature engineering approaches are investigated in order to find the set of the most discriminant features which help to achieve high levels of classification accuracy for Channel A and Channel B signals. First, features that describe the shape and pulse of signals in the time domain are extracted. Then frequency domain based statistical features are generated. In comparison with classification accuracies using frequency domain features, time domain based features gave higher accuracy of more than 90% on average for both channels in the absence of noise while frequency domain features allowed classification accuracy up to 80% on average. However, in the presence of noise, both methods degraded. To overcome this, Regularization techniques were applied on the features from the frequency domain which helped to maintain classification accuracy even in the presence of high levels of noise

Faults Detection for Power Systems

Non

Communications Biophysics

Contains research objectives, summary of research and reports on two research projects.National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 PO1 GM-14940-02)Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL 22-009-304)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 TO1 GM-01555-02)National Institutes of Health (Grant NB-08082-01