Forecasting CO2 Sequestration with Enhanced Oil Recovery

The aim of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is to reduce the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere and to mitigate its effects on climate change. Over the years, naturally occurring CO2 sources have been utilized in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects in the United States. This has presented an opportunity to supplement and gradually replace the high demand for natural CO2 sources with anthropogenic sources. There also exist incentives for operators to become involved in the storage of anthropogenic CO2 within partially depleted reservoirs, in addition to the incremental production oil revenues. These incentives include a wider availability of anthropogenic sources, the reduction of emissions to meet regulatory requirements, tax incentives in some jurisdictions, and favorable public relations. The United States Department of Energy has sponsored several Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) through its Carbon Storage program which have conducted field demonstrations for both EOR and saline aquifer storage. Various research efforts have been made in the area of reservoir characterization, monitoring, verification and accounting, simulation, and risk assessment to ascertain long-term storage potential within the subject storage complex. This book is a collection of lessons learned through the RCSP program within the Southwest Region of the United States. The scope of the book includes site characterization, storage modeling, monitoring verification reporting (MRV), risk assessment and international case studies

Automated Fault Detection, Diagnostics, Impact Evaluation, and Service Decision-Making for Direct Expansion Air Conditioners

This work describes approaches for automatically detecting, diagnosis, and evaluating the impacts of common faults in unitary rooftop air conditioning equipment. A semi-empirical component-based modeling approach using virtual sensors has been implemented using low-cost microcontrollers and tested on fixed-speed and variable-speed equipment using laboratory psychrometric test chambers. A previously developed virtual refrigerant charge sensor was applied to a fixed-speed rooftop unit with combinations of condenser types and expansion valve types and resulted in average prediction errors less than 10%. In addition, a methodology was developed that can be used to tune the empirical parameters of the model using data collected without psychrometric chambers, greatly reducing the experimental effort and costs required for the model. Virtual sensors previously developed for fixed-speed systems were also implemented for a variable-speed rooftop unit without significant loss of accuracy. Much of this work has been devoted to estimating the performance impacts of faults that grow over time, like heat exchanger fouling or refrigerant charge leakage. To estimate these impacts, semi-empirical models for predicting the normal performance of fixed-speed and variable-speed systems have been developed and evaluated using experimentally collected data. In addition, the virtual sensor approaches for estimating the actual performance of systems using low-cost sensor measurements were evaluated. Together, normal performance models and virtual sensor estimations were used to estimate the overall impacts of several faults on system performance. A methodology for quantifying the performance impacts of simultaneously occurring faults has been developed and tested using a detailed system model and experimental results. While relatively simple, simulated and experimentally collected results showed the fault impact models were accurate within 10% of the actual fault impacts. The fault impact evaluation models could be embedded in an AFDD system and used to determine when performance degradation faults should be serviced from an operating cost perspective. In addition, different service and maintenance strategies are compared in this work using a simulation environment that was developed. A data-driven artificial neural network model of a rooftop unit with faults has been derived for this purpose using a detailed fault impact model for direct expansion cooling equipment. This model was coupled with a building model to simulate operating cost impacts of performance degradations and service over the life of cooling equipment. An optimization problem was formulated with the goal to minimize lifetime energy and service costs and was solved using dynamic programming. Using the optimal solution as a baseline, suboptimal service decision-making strategies were implemented and simulated using the building model. It was found that condition-based maintenance strategies using the outputs of automated fault detection and diagnostics tools can significantly reduce lifetime operating costs over periodic service policies

Estimación estadística de consumo en FPGAs

Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Escuela Politécnica Superior, junio de 200

Proceedings of the Second FAROS Public Workshop, 30th September 2014, Espoo, Finland

FAROS is an EC FP7 funded, three year project to develop an approach to incorporate human factors into Risk-Based Design of ships. The project consortium consists of 12 members including industry, academia and research institutes. The second FAROS Public Workshop was held in Dipoli Congress Centre in Otaniemi, Espoo, Finland, on the 30th of September 2014. The workshop included keynotes from industry, papers on risk models for aspects such as collision and grounding, fire and the human element, descriptions of parametric ship models and the overall approach being adopted in the FAROS project

Multi-Threshold Low Power-Delay Product Memory and Datapath Components Utilizing Advanced FinFET Technology Emphasizing the Reliability and Robustness

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)In this thesis, we investigated the 7 nm FinFET technology for its delay-power product performance. In our study, we explored the ASAP7 library from Arizona State University, developed in collaboration with ARM Holdings. The FinFET technology was chosen since it has a subthreshold slope of 60mV/decade that enables cells to function at 0.7V supply voltage at the nominal corner. An emphasis was focused on characterizing the Non-Ideal effects, delay variation, and power for the FinFET device. An exhaustive analysis of the INVx1 delay variation for different operating conditions was also included, to assess the robustness. The 7nm FinFET device was then employed into 6T SRAM cells and 16 function ALU. The SRAM cells were approached with advanced multi-corner stability evaluation. The system-level architecture of the ALU has demonstrated an ultra-low power system operating at 1 GHz clock frequency

Use of Life Cycle Costing to Compare and Assess Business Performance Differences and Opportunities Regarding Traditional Topsides versus Subsea Chemical Storage and Injection for Subsea Wells

As a significant aspect of sustainable development, Equinor is currently engaged in a substantial technology advancement involving subsea all-electric (AE) functions as a replacement for the conventional topside electro-hydraulic (EH) functions. Within the AE function, subsea infrastructure developers are planning and developing a Subsea Chemical Storage and Injection System (SCSIS) on the seafloor infrastructure. The system consists of storage units for chemical products located on the seafloor, connected to the manifold for onwards distribution. It serves as an alternative to the conventional distribution system where chemical products are stored in storage tanks on the topsides facility (e.g. fixed or floating platform) and injected into the subsea production system via an umbilical. The primary objective of this thesis was to conduct an evaluation of the business performance differences between the EH function and the AE function within the domain of chemical injection, over a 20-year design life. To achieve this objective, the thesis employed the life cycle costing methodology as presented in ISO 15663:2021. The methodology served as a comprehensive tool for comparing the life cycle costs of two alternative options. By identifying cost elements and cost drivers for each of the options associated with the main elements of life cycle costing, namely CAPEX, OPEX, and LOSTREV, the life cycle costing methodology could be utilized. Furthermore, by employing a diverse range of economic evaluation measures, coupled with trade-off considerations in life cycle costing such as HSE and sustainability factors, the thesis study aimed to determine which option offered superior benefits. The economic evaluation measures encompassed a variety of Monte Carlo simulations implemented within an Excel model to facilitate probabilistic cost estimations for each of the economic evaluation measures. The model was executed utilizing modified Equinor-specific data that aligned with the technical and operational basis outlined in Chapter 2 of the thesis. These modifications ensured that the data employed in the analysis were tailored to meet the specific requirements and standards established in the theoretical framework of the thesis. The thesis has demonstrated that employing the life cycle costing methodology for a project with a 20-year life cycle yields significant insights that aid in the decision-making process for investments within the petroleum industry. The accuracy of the cost estimations has been substantiated through a comparative analysis conducted on an offshore project of comparable scale, as well as consultation with Equinor representatives. Moreover, the thesis has illustrated that employing a probabilistic estimation methodology, supported by both top-down and bottom-up estimation approaches, can effectively address substantial uncertainties inherent in the life cycle cost analysis, resulting in sound results