The future of cephalopod populations, fisheries, culture, and research in Europe

International audienc

Cephalopod biology and fisheries in Europe

Over the past two decades, cephalopod molluscs have attracted increased attention from marine biologists and fishery scientists. Several species are important for European fisheries, as targets of small‐scale coastal fisheries and/or as bycatch in multispecies fisheries for demersal fish. The present report draws on a series of reviews prepared in 2005 for the CEPHSTOCK project (see Section 1). The taxonomy of the main resource species is reviewed (Section 2), and brief descriptions of each species are provided, along with information from studies of population genetics, habitat requirements of paralarvae and adults, and health and ecotoxicology (Section 3). The main fisheries are described, including illustration of gears used in specialized small‐scale fisheries and a discussion of the socio‐economic importance of the fisheries. The current status of cephalopod aquaculture is reviewed, highlighting notable advances in commercial culture of octopus and cuttlefish (Section 4). Current fishery data collection and fishery management are described, noting that there is no setting of landings quotas and no routine assessment of stock status. Options for stock assessment are discussed, drawing on one‐off assessments made during specific projects and current practice elsewhere in the world. The “live fast, die young” lifehistory strategies of cephalopods present particular challenges, but parallels can be drawn with short‐lived fish (Section 5). Finally, the report looks to the future, reviewing possible effects of climate change on cephalopods. It discusses the future development of aquaculture and fisheries for cephalopods, including prospects for fishery forecasting and fishery management – especially in relation to the small‐scale directed fisheries. Various knowledge gaps are identified, and ideas for research to fill these gaps are presented

Big Data in Bioeconomy

This edited open access book presents the comprehensive outcome of The European DataBio Project, which examined new data-driven methods to shape a bioeconomy. These methods are used to develop new and sustainable ways to use forest, farm and fishery resources. As a European initiative, the goal is to use these new findings to support decision-makers and producers – meaning farmers, land and forest owners and fishermen. With their 27 pilot projects from 17 countries, the authors examine important sectors and highlight examples where modern data-driven methods were used to increase sustainability. How can farmers, foresters or fishermen use these insights in their daily lives? The authors answer this and other questions for our readers. The first four parts of this book give an overview of the big data technologies relevant for optimal raw material gathering. The next three parts put these technologies into perspective, by showing useable applications from farming, forestry and fishery. The final part of this book gives a summary and a view on the future. With its broad outlook and variety of topics, this book is an enrichment for students and scientists in bioeconomy, biodiversity and renewable resources

The Nexus Between Security Sector Governance/Reform and Sustainable Development Goal-16

This Security Sector Reform (SSR) Paper offers a universal and analytical perspective on the linkages between Security Sector Governance (SSG)/SSR (SSG/R) and Sustainable Development Goal-16 (SDG-16), focusing on conflict and post-conflict settings as well as transitional and consolidated democracies. Against the background of development and security literatures traditionally maintaining separate and compartmentalized presence in both academic and policymaking circles, it maintains that the contemporary security- and development-related challenges are inextricably linked, requiring effective measures with an accurate understanding of the nature of these challenges. In that sense, SDG-16 is surely a good step in the right direction. After comparing and contrasting SSG/R and SDG-16, this SSR Paper argues that human security lies at the heart of the nexus between the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations (UN) and SSG/R. To do so, it first provides a brief overview of the scholarly and policymaking literature on the development-security nexus to set the background for the adoption of The Agenda 2030. Next, it reviews the literature on SSG/R and SDGs, and how each concept evolved over time. It then identifies the puzzle this study seeks to address by comparing and contrasting SSG/R with SDG-16. After making a case that human security lies at the heart of the nexus between the UN’s 2030 Agenda and SSG/R, this book analyses the strengths and weaknesses of human security as a bridge between SSG/R and SDG-16 and makes policy recommendations on how SSG/R, bolstered by human security, may help achieve better results on the SDG-16 targets. It specifically emphasizes the importance of transparency, oversight, and accountability on the one hand, and participative approach and local ownership on the other. It concludes by arguing that a simultaneous emphasis on security and development is sorely needed for addressing the issues under the purview of SDG-16

Ecological indicators and gear-based management of Algarve coastal fisheries

Dissertação mest., Aquacultura e Pescas, Universidade do Algarve, 2007A number of ecological indicators were used to study the impact of fishing gear on the Algarve marine ecosystem. Catch composition, species richness, diversity, mean length, trophic level, percentage of mature and optimum sized fish and percentage of megaspawners were determined for the fish catches of each gear type. Four types of static gears (gill nets, trammel nets, bottom longline and semi-pelagic longline) with different mesh sizes or hook sizes represented the small-scale fisheries and were studied using data from experimental fishing trials, while commercial catches of two trawling types, crustacean trawling and fish trawling exemplified the industrial fisheries. Different species dominated the catches of the different main gears. Gill nets were clearly differentiated by the low trophic levels. Semi-pelagic longline caught larger fish with high trophic levels. Trammel nets also had high percentage of mature individuals in the catches, but also more non-target species. The trawlers affected juveniles of many species. Larger mesh sizes caught larger individuals, though not necessarily mature. The ordination procedure revealed how gear catches are best characterized by the different indicators and catch composition. Technical interactions were apparent when some gears affected juveniles of target species of other gears. Management recommendations such as minimum legal size, closed areas, gear restrictions and modifications are provided. Fishers participation in management can be enhanced by explanations of these simple indicators. Public participation can be extremely important for supporting unpopular management measures

Life-history, ecology and fisheries of cephalopods in the western Mediterranean

Abstract: Cephalopods constitute an important faunistic group in marine ecosystems, representing keystone elements in marine food webs. Additionally, they are an important fishing resource, and their contribution to worldwide fishery landings has been rising significantly over the last decades. In the Mediterranean Sea, several local short-term studies on cephalopod abundance and distribution exist, but few integrate longer time scales and larger areas. The present thesis work combines large-scale, long-term studies on cephalopods community composition, diversity and abundance (Part I) with small-scale, local case studies around the Balearic Islands (Part II). First, a community analysis was conducted at the whole Mediterranean scale in order to describe the present status and reveal possible differences between the western and the eastern Mediterranean sub-basins (Chapter 2). The aim was to compare assemblage structures between sub-basins together with the influence of large-scale environmental gradients on species composition. While basins did not differ significantly in cephalopod species composition, relative species contributions varied. Cephalopods are very sensitive to environmental changes, and adapt quickly due to their short life cycle and typically seasonal semelparity impeding generation buffering. Therefore sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were hypothesised and documented as important drivers of cephalopod assemblages. While their importance differed between sub-basins, depth was confirmed as the most important factor structuring cephalopod communities. At the same spatial scale, cephalopod diversity was analysed during two decades (Chapter 3). Results revealed the absence of clear longitudinal or latitudinal gradients in cephalopod diversity, combined with no distinct temporal trends over the last twenty years. Besides, temporal changes in diversity varied between various Mediterranean sub-regions. Location, depth, SST and productivity regime resulted to influence diversity. To assess whether environmental variability impacts cephalopod populations at species level, the influence of SST and surface primary production on the spatial structuring and the population dynamics of two commercially important cephalopod species was investigated (Chapter 4). Although Octopus vulgaris and Illex coindetii exhibit contrasting life history traits and inhabit different habitats, long-term abundance trends and synchronic behaviour of their populations was similar, and population sub-structuring across the Mediterranean Sea were revealed. In consistency with former chapters, SST and Chl a regimes were shown to be significant drivers of distribution patterns and inter-annual abundance fluctuations. The motivation for the second part of the thesis was fuelled by the present situation in the Mediterranean Sea, where cephalopod stocks are presumably overexploited, but where their ad- hoc assessment and management is far from being implemented. To contribute to existing knowledge of the current situation in the Balearic Sea, a case study on cuttlefish fishery, life-history and population dynamics was conducted using short-term and intra-annual data (Chapter 5). Possible drivers of cuttlefish abundance fluctuations were analysed, revealing significant influences of SST and local climatic variability. While the study provided a complete view of the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of cuttlefish population fluctuations in the Balearic Sea, the next step was applying stock assessment techniques to cuttlefish and squid fisheries of this area (Chapter 6). Being the first application of depletion methods to Mediterranean cephalopod stocks, the study combined information of those two fisheries with the evaluation of this stock assessment method for short life cycle species. Results uncovered existing problems and suggested that the current sampling scheme under the EU-Data Collection Framework is inadequate for cephalopods in view of the assessment´s data requirements. Consequently, a modification of the existing scheme was proposedResumen: Los cefalópodos constituyen un grupo faunístico importante en los ecosistemas marinos, representando elementos clave en la estructura y dinámica de las redes tróficas. Además, son un importante recurso pesquero y su contribución a los desembarcos pesqueros mundiales se ha incrementado significativamente en las últimas décadas. En el Mar Mediterráneo existen varios estudios locales sobre la abundancia y distribución de cefalópodos, pero pocos integran escalas temporales largas y áreas extensas. Esta tesis combina estudios sobre la estructura de la comunidad, la diversidad y la abundancia de cefalópodos a gran escala espacio-temporal (Parte I) con estudios a escala local alrededor de las Islas Baleares (Parte II). En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis de la comunidad de cefalópodos a escala de todo el Mediterráneo para describir el estado actual y determinar posibles diferencias entre las sub- cuencas occidental y oriental (Capítulo 2). El objetivo fue comparar la estructura de las comunidades faunísticas entre estas dos sub-cuencas y analizar la influencia de gradientes ambientales a gran escala sobre la composición específica. Aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en la composición específica, las contribuciones relativas de las diferentes especies variaron entre ambas cuencas. Debido a su corto ciclo vital y estrategia reproductiva semélpara, los cefalópodos son muy sensibles a los cambios ambientales, adaptándose a ellos con relativa rapidez. Se esperaba, por tanto, que factores ambientales como la temperatura superficial del mar (SST) y el contenido de clorofila a (Chl a) fueran factores importantes en la estructuración de las comunidades de cefalópodos. Si bien su importancia difirió entre las dos sub-cuencas, se confirmó que la profundidad era el factor estructural más importante en dichas comunidades. Se analizaron también cambios en la diversidad específica de las comunidades de cefalópodos a escala de todo el Mediterráneo durante los últimos 20 años (Capítulo 3). Los resultados no mostraron ninguna tendencia temporal ni espacial (latitud, longitud) clara y homogénea en la diversidad. Las únicas tendencias temporales observadas variaron entre diferentes sub-regiones, siendo la posición geográfica, profundidad, SST y productividad los principales factores determinantes de estas tendencias. Para confirmar la importancia de la variabilidad ambiental a nivel específico, se analizó la influencia de la SST y la producción primaria en la estructura espacial y la dinámica poblacional de dos especies de cefalópodos de importancia comercial (Capítulo 4). Aunque Octopus vulgaris e Illex coindetii exhiben diferentes estrategias vitales y viven en diferentes hábitats, las tendencias temporales a largo plazo en su abundancia y el comportamiento sincrónico de sus poblaciones fueron similares, observándose sub-poblaciones temporalmente persistentes a lo largo de todo el Mediterráneo. En consonancia con los capítulos anteriores, la SST y Chla resultaron ser factores significativos en la definición de patrones de distribución y fluctuaciones interanuales de la abundancia. La segunda parte de la tesis estaba motivada por la situación actual de los cefalópodos en el Mar Mediterráneo, donde no existen medidas de evaluación y gestión específica para este grupo y algunas de sus poblaciones se encuentran sobreexplotadas. Para contribuir al conocimiento de la situación actual en el Mar Balear, se analizó la pesquería, ciclo vital y dinámica poblacional de la sepia utilizando series temporales intra-anuales (Capítulo 5). El análisis de diferentes factores ambientales reveló que la SST y la variabilidad climática local influían significativamente en las fluctuaciones de abundancia de la especie. En un trabajo posterior (Capítulo 6) se aplicaron técnicas de evaluación de stocks a las pesquerías de sepia y calamar de las Islas Baleares utilizando datos procedentes de la EU Data Collection Framework (DCF). Hasta donde sabemos, este trabajo constituye la primera aplicación de los Lesly-Delury Depletion Methods a stocks de cefalópodos del Mediterráneo. Los resultados demostraron que el esquema actual de muestreo de la DCF es inadecuado para la evaluación de cefalópodos y se proponen posibles modificacionesResum: Els cefalòpodes constitueixen un grup faunístic important als ecosistemes marins, essent elements clau a les xarxes tròfiques. A més, són importants recursos pesquers i la seva contribució als desembarcs pesquers mundials s’ha incrementat en les últimes dècades. representant al voltant del 30% de la captura desembarcada a nivell mundial. Al Mar Mediterrani existeixen varis estudis locals sobre l’abundància i distribució de cefalòpodes, però pocs integren escales temporals llargues i àrees extenses. Aquesta tesi combina estudis sobre la composició de la comunitat, la diversitat i l’abundància de cefalòpodes a gran escala espaciotemporal (Part I) amb estudis a escala local al voltant de les Illes Balears (Part II). En primer lloc, es va realitzar un anàlisi de les comunitats de cefalòpodes a escala de tot el Mediterrani per descriure l’estat actual i determinar possibles diferències entre les sub-conques occidental i oriental (Capítol 2). L’objectiu fou comparar l’estructura de les comunitats faunístiques entre sub-conques i analitzar la influència de gradients ambientals a gran escala sobre la composició específica. Tot i que no s’observaren diferències significatives en la composició específica, les contribucions relatives de les diferents espècies variaren entre sub-conques. Degut al seu cicle vital curt i estratègia reproductiva semèlpara els cefalòpodes són molt sensibles als canvis ambientals, adaptant-se a ells amb relativa rapidesa. S’esperava, per tant, que factors ambientals com la temperatura superficial del mar (SST) i el contingut de clorofil•la a (Chla) fossin factors importants en l’estructuració de les comunitats de cefalòpodes. Si bé la seva importància va diferir entres les dues sub-conques, es va confirmar que la profunditat era el factor estructural més important en aquestes comunitats. S’analitzaren també canvies en la diversitat específica de les comunitats de cefalòpodes a escala de tot el Mediterrani durant els últims 20 anys (Capítol 3). Els resultats no mostraren cap tendència temporal ni espacial (latitud, longitud) clara i homogènia en la diversitat. Les úniques tendències temporals observades variaren entre diferents sub-regions, essent la posició geogràfica, profunditat, SST i productivitat els principals factors determinants d’aquestes tendències. Per tal de confirmar la importància de la variabilitat ambiental a nivell específic, es va investigar la influència de la SST i la producció primària en l’estructuració espacial i la dinàmica poblacional de dues espècies de cefalòpodes d’importància comercial (Capítol 4). Tot i que Octopus vulgaris i Illex coindetii tenen característiques vitals diferents i viuen en hàbitats diferents, les tendències temporals a llarg plaç en la seva l’abundància i el comportament sincrònic de les seves poblacions va ser similar, observant-se sub-poblacions temporalment persistents al llarg del Mediterrani. En consonància amb els capítols anteriors, la SST i Chla resultaren ser factors significatius en la definició de patrons de distribució i fluctuacions interanuals de l’abundància. La segona part de la tesi estava motivada per la situació actual dels cefalòpodes al Mar Mediterrani, on no existeixen mesures d’avaluació i gestió específica per aquest grup i algunes de les seves poblacions es troben sobre-explotades. Per contribuir al coneixement de la situació actual al Mar Balear, es va analitzar la pesqueria, cicle vital i dinàmica poblacional de la sípia utilitzant sèries temporals intra-anuals (Capítol 5). L’anàlisi de diferents factors ambientals va revelar que la SST i la variabilitat climàtica local influïen significativament en les fluctuacions d’abundància de l’espècie. En un treball posterior (Capítol 6) s’aplicaren tècniques d’avaluació d’stocks a les pesqueries de sípia i calamar de les Illes Balears utilitzant dades procedents de la EU Data Collection Framework (DCF). Fins on sabem, aquest treball constitueix la primera aplicació dels Lesly-Delury Depletion Methods a stocks de cefalòpodes del Mediterrani. Els resultats demostraren que l’esquema actual de mostratge de la DCF és inadequat per a l’avaluació de cefalòpodes i es proposen posibles modificacion

Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO)

Contributor: Are DommasnesIt has been several years since ICES has completed a comprehensive review of the effects of fishing on the North Sea ecosystem, and this year our ToR (Section 3) has allowed us to revisit this important topic. We have reviewed the impacts of each of the major gears in terms of their effects on all components of the ecosystem, and for the first time since 1995 have described the international distribution of fishing effort of beam trawls, otter trawls (including seine gears), and small-meshed fisheries throughout the North Sea. Compilation of such data at an international level, and at the scale of the ICES rectangle, was a frustrating task and was fraught with problems of data compatibility and quality. ICES will need to plan carefully if such an advisory request should come from an external customer, and in section 7 we consider ICES readiness to provide advice to the Regional Advisory Councils, and have included lessons learnt from our work on this ToR. Last year WGECO identified the need for fully Integrated Ecosystem Assessments to link manageable human activities with the pressures they cause in the marine ecosystem. The matrix of pressures and components of the ecosystem provides a useful tool for prioritising the key interactions in the ecosystem, and a weighting system was developed based on the spatial extent (local or widespread) and intensity of the interaction (chronic or acute) (section 4). Indicators which might be appropriate for managing the human activities responsible for these pressures were identified. In our 2005 Report we presented a detailed analysis of how ecosystem effects of fishing could be included into the provision of routine fisheries advice. In turn, SGMAS considered our proposals and Section 5 continues this dialogue. We identify ecosystem considerations that should be taken into account in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, and suggest that these should be part of routine activities not an optional extra. WGECO feels that this would be an attitude consistent with good risk management practices applied in many other fields. Where knowledge or data are inadequate, we clarify the work that needs to be undertaken so that improvements can be made. WGECO has advised on the development and implementation of the Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) approach in OSPAR for several years, and feels that ICES is now in a position to provide clear advice on a way forward with implementing the EcoQO on changes in the proportion of large fish in the fish community (section 6). This EcoQ element, as measured in research trawls, is a useful indicator of the effect of fishing, a useful state indicator for the fish community and is indicative of wider changes in the biodiversity of the ecosystem. WGECO concluded that the EcoQO can be further progressed as part of an objectives-based management framework and so has defined a goal for the fish community to Halt as rapidly as possible, and begin to reverse by 2010, both the decline in the mean weight and the proportion of large fish . Large fish were defined as those greater than 30cm in length, and short, medium and long-term operational targets were suggested. In the short-term it is suggested that the decline in proportion of these fish size measures in survey catches should be halted immediately. In the medium term, targets for fish size should be based on the time necessary to restore fish populations to conditions in the early 1980s when ICES generally considered stocks to be sustainable. In the longer term, targets could be revised using improved information on the ecological consequences of an over-fished fish community and societal choices for more or less ambitious conservation objectives. ICES have begun a dialogue with the Regional Advisory Councils (RACs) to develop an understanding of their requirements for advice and how this advice might be provided. In section 7 we provide a summary of the ecosystem effects of fishing for all components relevant to the North Sea RAC (based on work in section 3), and extend this approach to the other RACs. Although not comprehensive, it highlighted the many interactions between fisheries and ecosystems for which ICES lacks knowledge to provide quality advice. While many effects can be generalised across the region, most specific studies relate to the North Sea and Baltic Sea, and in many cases, the extent of the effect will depend on the nature and scale of the fishing activity in an area. ICES currently lacks the capacity to deal with geographically referenced data and this skill will become increasingly important as advice is requested on a range of geographically-related fisheries management measures. This year WGECO continued to assist the Regional Ecosystem Group for the North Sea (REGNS) in their work on an Integrated Assessment (section 8). In our review of the dataset used by the working group we found a number of inconsistencies and anomalous data entries which may have affected the outcome of their analyses. We also reviewed the coverage of the ecosystem components in the database supplied to us and suggested taxa and components which have important roles in ecosystem function, and which could be used in future. Comments were also made on the analytical approach adopted by REGNS to encourage wider discussion of the methods used for Integrated Assessment and in their later thematic assessments

The implications of co-locating marine protected areas around offshore wind farms

Offshore wind farm (OWF) construction in the UK is progressing rapidly alongside increasing spatial pressures on marine ecosystems and social and economic activities. A need for increased protection of habitats, species and ecological processes that support environmental and economic benefits is being met by designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Mitigation and spatial planning solutions are required to enable protection of vital ecological habitats, features and processes and support sustainable economic development. A potential solution is to co-locate OWFs and MPAs. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine if evidence on the environmental effects of existing OWFs and associated effects on fishing activity (as an existing resource use) benefits MPA goals. Through a systematic review and meta-analyses of existing data, knowledge of OWF effects on species abundance and economic effects on fishing were identified as key evidence gaps. The ecological evidence need was approached through a case study of ecological effects of North Hoyle OWF, North Wales, UK, using existing pre and post-construction monitoring data, as well as primary baited remote underwater video data, collected 5 years later (8 years post-construction). Results suggested habitat and species recovered to a stable state that showed some community differences to pre-construction conditions. The presence of OWF monopiles is likely to have increased existing heterogeneity of substratum and increased opportunities for scavenging species. Species benefitting and disadvantaged by habitat provided within the OWF reflected meta-analyses trends. Extended baseline monitoring to provide confident identification of natural levels of variation in sediment and fauna was lacking. Analysis of fishing activity and landings before and after OWF construction in three UK case study regions approached effects on resource users. Fishing activity in the three case study areas showed broad scale similarity to national trends. Small-scale activity patterns indicated greater reductions in mobile (towed) fishing gear effort near to operating OWFs than in static gear activity (using pots or static nets). Semi-structured interviews conducted with fishermen in each region revealed loss of ground and disruption as negative effects from OWFs, in addition to existing pressures. Benefits including habitat creation and species augmentation, as well as reduction of cumulative lost ground, were identified by fishermen from co-location of MPAs and OWFs. Ecological effects of OWFs suggested benefits from habitat creation, species augmentation and potential for protection of sandbank habitats between monopiles. Mitigation requirements were identified to maximise these potential benefits to an MPA network.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC