3,382 research outputs found

    A JWST survey for planetary mass brown dwarfs in IC 348*

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    We have obtained images of the center of the star-forming cluster IC 348 with the James Webb Space Telescope and have identified brown dwarf candidates based on their photometry and point-like flux profiles. Low-resolution spectroscopy has been performed on four promising candidates, three of which have molecular absorption bands that indicate late spectral types. Among those late-type objects, the brightest is similar to known young L dwarfs while the other two show the so-called 3.4 μm feature that has been previously observed in the diffuse interstellar medium and in the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan, which has been attributed to an unidentified aliphatic hydrocarbon. Those two objects also exhibit features between 1.1 and 2.6 μm that we identify as the overtone and combination bands for that hydrocarbon. After accounting for the hydrocarbon bands, the remaining spectral features are consistent with youth and inconsistent with field dwarfs. Based on the low extinctions of those objects and the strengths of the overtone and combination bands, we conclude that the hydrocarbon resides in their atmospheres rather than in foreground material. Thus, our detections of the 3.4 μm feature are the first in atmospheres outside of the solar system. The presence of this hydrocarbon is not predicted by any atmospheric models of young brown dwarfs. Based on its luminosity and evolutionary models, the faintest new member of IC 348 has an estimated mass of 3–4 MJup, making it a strong contender for the least massive free-floating brown dwarf that has been directly imaged to date

    Evaluating trespass prevention: working with young people as co-researchers and filmmakers on a railway safety project

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    Recent attempts have been made by Network Rail and the British Transport Police to discourage young people from committing ‘railway trespass’ – the dangerous act of illegally gaining access to live railway tracks. Whilst public safety campaigns have a long history in the UK and beyond, little research has been dedicated to a better understanding of how young people engage with this media. This article reflects on Evaluating Trespass Prevention (2021), a project which involved a small group of Further Education (FE) Media Students as co-researchers exploring railway trespass prevention. The young co-researchers co-produced a new evaluation toolkit, as well as creatively exploring themes of railway trespass through documentary interviewing and filmmaking. Presenting our critical reflections on the process of working with young co-researchers on this project, we argue for the broader adoption of an adaptable and iterative approach to meaningful engagement with young people in relation to contemporary social issues

    Counterfactual sustainability screening - the definition and undertaking of a sustainability screening method for the assessment of defossilised supply chains

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    With the monumental shift in industrial interest towards sustainable, defossilised supply chains in response to the climate crisis, the understanding of alternative supply chain viability has never been more vital. As part of their Clean Future initiative, Unilever Home Care has committed to the phasing out of fossil carbon sources from their supply chains. To better assess the viability of these prospective supply chains within a quick timeframe, a counterfactual screening method has been developed which pits the performance of eleven selected sustainability indicators against a success baseline, returning a results array on the sustainability performance of these routes. This paper briefly introduces the initiatives laid out by Unilever Home Care, before undertaking a concise review on existing sustainability screening methods from the literature, with the key limitations of these methods outlined. In response to these limitations, a new methodology is then defined, with a case study of defossilised Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS)-appropriate olefins being applied. This study both illustrates the functionality of the methodology, as well as provides an insight into the viability of the assessed supply chains. Within the study, 18 technologies forming 18 routes were assessed, spanning green (“from plants”), grey (“from plastic waste”) and purple (“from CO2”) feedstocks (according to the Carbon Rainbow). General results trends suggest that green and grey routes hold much greater viability than the purple routes, given their relatively lower capital and operating costs, as well as their superior likelihood of being commercially viable by 2030. Plans for further research are also provided, with plans for results validation included

    Streamlining search methods to update evidence and gap maps: a case study using intergenerational interventions

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    Background Evidence and Gap Maps (EGMs) should be regularly updated. Running update searches to find new studies for EGMs can be a time-consuming process. Search Summary Tables (SSTs) can help streamline searches by identifying which resources were most lucrative for identifying relevant articles, and which were redundant. The aim of this study was to use an SST to streamline search methods for an EGM of studies about intergenerational activities. Methods To produce the EGM, 15 databases were searched. 8638 records were screened and 500 studies were included in the final EGM. Using an SST, we determined which databases and search methods were the most efficient in terms of sensitivity and specificity for finding the included studies. We also investigated whether any database performed particularly well for returning particular study types. For the best performing databases we analysed the search terms used to streamline the strategies. Results No single database returned all of the studies included in the EGM. Out of 500 studies PsycINFO returned 40% (n = 202), CINAHL 39% (n = 194), Ageline 25% (n = 174), MEDLINE 23% (n = 117), ERIC 20% (n = 100) and Embase 19% (n = 98). HMIC database and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science via Web of Science returned no studies that were included in the EGM. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) returned the highest number of unique studies (n = 42), followed by ERIC (n = 33) and Ageline (n = 29). Ageline returned the most randomised controlled trials (42%) followed by CINAHL (34%), MEDLINE (29%) and CENTRAL (29%). CINAHL, Ageline, MEDLINE and PsycINFO performed the best for locating systematic reviews. (62%, 46% and 42% respectively). CINAHL, PsycINFO and Ageline performed best for qualitative studies (41%, 40% and 34%). The Journal of Intergenerational Relationships returned more included studies than any other journal (16%). No combinations of search terms were found to be better in terms of balancing specificity and sensitivity than the original search strategies. However, strategies could be reduced considerably in terms of length without losing key, unique studies. Conclusion Using SSTs we have developed a method for streamlining update searches for an EGM about intergenerational activities. For future updates we recommend that MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, Ageline, CINAHL and PQDT are searched. These searches should be supplemented by hand-searching the Journal of Intergenerational Relationships and carrying out backwards citation chasing on new systematic reviews. Using SSTs to analyse database efficiency could be a useful method to help streamline search updates for other EGMs

    Implementing precision methods in personalizing psychological therapies: barriers and possible ways forward

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    This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordData availability: No data was used for the research described in the article.Highlights: • Personalizing psychological treatments means to customize treatment for individuals to enhance outcomes. • The application of precision methods to clinical psychology has led to data-driven psychological therapies. • Applying data-informed psychological therapies involves clinical, technical, statistical, and contextual aspects

    Emergence of hybrid CSR models as a conflict‐driven communicative process in a Nordic welfare state

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    This paper offers an understanding of how hybrid models of corporate social responsibility (CSR) – models combining society-centric mandatory (implicit) and business-centric voluntary (explicit) approaches to CSR – are communicatively constructed through institutional struggles over the roles and responsibilities of business in society, in the context of a Nordic welfare state. We develop a model of hybridization as a dialectical process of communicative activity, framing and counter-framing, in which conflict and contestation over normative understandings about CSR drive the process. The model explains the emergence of hybrid models of CSR in terms of gradually evolving issue development and frame changes that are driven by discursive struggles over moral obligations of business in society, appropriate configuration of legitimacy relationships, and appropriate institutional arrangements for CSR governance. In contrast to prevailing accounts, which tend to theorize hybridization as resulting from isomorphic, mimetic, and normative pressures, our account explicitly attends to the politics of hybridization

    “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy

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    Transformative artificially intelligent tools, such as ChatGPT, designed to generate sophisticated text indistinguishable from that produced by a human, are applicable across a wide range of contexts. The technology presents opportunities as well as, often ethical and legal, challenges, and has the potential for both positive and negative impacts for organisations, society, and individuals. Offering multi-disciplinary insight into some of these, this article brings together 43 contributions from experts in fields such as computer science, marketing, information systems, education, policy, hospitality and tourism, management, publishing, and nursing. The contributors acknowledge ChatGPT’s capabilities to enhance productivity and suggest that it is likely to offer significant gains in the banking, hospitality and tourism, and information technology industries, and enhance business activities, such as management and marketing. Nevertheless, they also consider its limitations, disruptions to practices, threats to privacy and security, and consequences of biases, misuse, and misinformation. However, opinion is split on whether ChatGPT’s use should be restricted or legislated. Drawing on these contributions, the article identifies questions requiring further research across three thematic areas: knowledge, transparency, and ethics; digital transformation of organisations and societies; and teaching, learning, and scholarly research. The avenues for further research include: identifying skills, resources, and capabilities needed to handle generative AI; examining biases of generative AI attributable to training datasets and processes; exploring business and societal contexts best suited for generative AI implementation; determining optimal combinations of human and generative AI for various tasks; identifying ways to assess accuracy of text produced by generative AI; and uncovering the ethical and legal issues in using generative AI across different contexts

    Contribuições do design da informações para a recuperação da produção científica : um estudo sobre os repositórios institucionais no ensino superior federal brasileiro

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    Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Eduardo Botelho-FranciscoCoorientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Joana Gusmão LemosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão da Informação. Defesa : Curitiba, 25/04/2023Inclui referências: p. 72-80Resumo: A presente dissertação de mestrado aborda a aplicação dos princípios do Design da Informação (DI) nos Repositórios Institucionais (RI) das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES). O trabalho tem como objetivo geral verificar as contribuições do Design da Informação para a recuperação da produção científica dos pesquisadores das IFES brasileiras em Repositórios Institucionais. De forma específica, objetiva: Analisar a disponibilização das publicações científicas nos RIs das IFES brasileiras; Identificar aspectos do design da informação relacionados à recuperação da informação presentes nos RIs; Observar a aplicação do DI nas interfaces de RIs; Descrever as contribuições do DI para a recuperação da informação da produção científica dos pesquisadores das IFES brasileiras. Como referencial teórico parte das discussões sobre o compartilhamento e comunicação da informação científica, o design da informação e recuperação da informação. Na perspectiva de uma pesquisa de métodos mistos convergentes (quali-quanti), aplicada, descritiva, bibliográfica e documental, elabora e utiliza um instrumento de avaliação aplicado às interfaces de três repositórios selecionados em um catálogo desenvolvido nas etapas iniciais da pesquisa. Selecionaram-se os repositórios com características desviantes, investigando a aplicação dos princípios do design da informação, bem como aspectos do ecossistema da informação científica, políticas dos repositórios, e representação, busca e acesso à informação. Como resultado, identificaram-se diversos aspectos que possibilitem uma interação mais adequada entre o interagente e o repositório, que devem ser planejados desde a implementação do sistema. Sugere-se o estudo de outras técnicas de avaliação e novas delimitações do escopo para trabalhos futuros.Abstract: This master's thesis addresses the application of Information Design (ID) principles in Institutional Repositories (IR) of Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES). The general objective of this work is to verify the contributions of Information Design to the recovery of the scientific production of Brazilian IFES researchers in Institutional Repositories. Specifically, objectively: Analyze the availability of scientific publications in the IRs of the Brazilian IFES; Identify aspects of information design related to the retrieval of information present in IRs; Observe the application of DI in IR interfaces; To describe the contributions of DI to the retrieval of information on the scientific production of researchers from Brazilian IFES. As a theoretical reference, it starts from discussions about the sharing and communication of scientific information, information design and information retrieval. From the perspective of a convergent mixed methods research (quali-quanti), applied, descriptive, bibliographical and documental, it elaborates and uses an evaluation instrument applied to the interfaces of three repositories selected in a catalog developed in the initial stages of the research repositories with deviant characteristics were selected, investigating the application of information design principles, as well as aspects of the scientific information ecosystem, repository policies, and representation, search and access to information. As a result, several aspects were identified that allow a more adequate interaction between the interactor and the repository, which must be planned from the moment the system is implemented. It is suggested the study of other evaluation techniques and new scope delimitations for future works
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