Growth Rate of the Weight Distribution of Doubly-Generalized LDPC Codes: General Case and Efficient Evaluation

The growth rate of the weight distribution of irregular doubly-generalized LDPC (D-GLDPC) codes is developed and in the process, a new efficient numerical technique for its evaluation is presented. The solution involves simultaneous solution of a 4 x 4 system of polynomial equations. This represents the first efficient numerical technique for exact evaluation of the growth rate, even for LDPC codes. The technique is applied to two example D-GLDPC code ensembles.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure. Proc. IEEE Globecom 2009, Hawaii, USA, November 30 - December 4, 200

Spectral Shape of Doubly-Generalized LDPC Codes: Efficient and Exact Evaluation

This paper analyzes the asymptotic exponent of the weight spectrum for irregular doubly-generalized LDPC (D-GLDPC) codes. In the process, an efficient numerical technique for its evaluation is presented, involving the solution of a 4 x 4 system of polynomial equations. The expression is consistent with previous results, including the case where the normalized weight or stopping set size tends to zero. The spectral shape is shown to admit a particularly simple form in the special case where all variable nodes are repetition codes of the same degree, a case which includes Tanner codes; for this case it is also shown how certain symmetry properties of the local weight distribution at the CNs induce a symmetry in the overall weight spectral shape function. Finally, using these new results, weight and stopping set size spectral shapes are evaluated for some example generalized and doubly-generalized LDPC code ensembles.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures. To appear in IEEE Transactions on Information Theor

Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes Constructed from Protographs

In this paper, we construct protograph-based spatially coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes by coupling together a series of L disjoint, or uncoupled, LDPC code Tanner graphs into a single coupled chain. By varying L, we obtain a flexible family of code ensembles with varying rates and frame lengths that can share the same encoding and decoding architecture for arbitrary L. We demonstrate that the resulting codes combine the best features of optimized irregular and regular codes in one design: capacity approaching iterative belief propagation (BP) decoding thresholds and linear growth of minimum distance with block length. In particular, we show that, for sufficiently large L, the BP thresholds on both the binary erasure channel (BEC) and the binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGNC) saturate to a particular value significantly better than the BP decoding threshold and numerically indistinguishable from the optimal maximum a-posteriori (MAP) decoding threshold of the uncoupled LDPC code. When all variable nodes in the coupled chain have degree greater than two, asymptotically the error probability converges at least doubly exponentially with decoding iterations and we obtain sequences of asymptotically good LDPC codes with fast convergence rates and BP thresholds close to the Shannon limit. Further, the gap to capacity decreases as the density of the graph increases, opening up a new way to construct capacity achieving codes on memoryless binary-input symmetric-output (MBS) channels with low-complexity BP decoding.Comment: Submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Information Theor

Spectral Shape of Check-Hybrid GLDPC Codes

This paper analyzes the asymptotic exponent of both the weight spectrum and the stopping set size spectrum for a class of generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) codes. Specifically, all variable nodes (VNs) are assumed to have the same degree (regular VN set), while the check node (CN) set is assumed to be composed of a mixture of different linear block codes (hybrid CN set). A simple expression for the exponent (which is also referred to as the growth rate or the spectral shape) is developed. This expression is consistent with previous results, including the case where the normalized weight or stopping set size tends to zero. Furthermore, it is shown how certain symmetry properties of the local weight distribution at the CNs induce a symmetry in the overall weight spectral shape function.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. Presented at the IEEE ICC 2010, Cape Town, South Africa. A minor typo in equation (9) has been correcte

New Protograph-Based Construction of GLDPC Codes for Binary Erasure Channel and LDPC Codes for Block Fading Channel

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2022.2. 노종선 교수님.이 학위 논문에서는 다음 두 가지의 연구가 이루어졌다: i) 이진 소실 채널에서 새로운 구조의 프로토그래프 기반 generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) 부호의 설계 방법 ii) 블록 페이딩 채널을 위한 프로토그래프 기반의 LDPC 부호 설계. 첫 번째로, 이진 소실 채널에서 새롭게 제안된 부분적 도핑 기법을 이용한 프로토그래프 기반의 GLDPC 부호가 제안되었다. 기존의 프로토그래프 기반의 GLDPC 부호의 경우 프로토그래프 영역에서 single parity-check (SPC) 노드를 generalized constraint (GC) 노드로 치환(도핑)하는 형태로 부호가 설계되어 여러 변수 노드 걸쳐 GC 노드가 연결되는 형태를 가진다. 반면, 제안된 부분적 도핑 기법은 한 개의 변수 노드에 GC 노드를 연결하도록 만들 수 있다. 바꿔 말하면, 제안된 부분적 도핑 기법은 더 세밀한 도핑이 가능해서 결과적으로 부호 설계에 있어 높은 자유도를 가지고 더 세련된 부호 최적화가 가능하다. 본 학위 논문에서는 부분적 도핑과 PEXIT 분석을 이용하여 partially doped GLDPC (PD-GLDPC) 부호를 설계하고 최적화 하였다. 더불어, PD-GLDPC 부호의 일반적 최소 거리를 가지는 조건을 제시하였고 이를 이 론적으로 증명하였다. 결과적으로, 제안된 PD-GLDPC 부호는 현존하는 GLDPC 부호의 성능보다 유의미하게 워터플 성능이 좋았고 동시에 오류 마루가 없었다. 마지막으로, 최적화된 PD-GLDPC 부호는 현존하는 최신 블록 LDPC 부호들에 근접한 성능을 가짐을 보여주었다. 두 번째로, 블록 페이딩 (BF) 채널에서 resolvable block design (RBD)를 이용한 프로토그래프 LDPC 부호 설계가 이루어졌다. 제안된 부호의 성능을 확인하기 위한 비트 오류율의 상한을 감마 진화라는 제안된 기법을 이용해 유도하였다. 또한, 시뮬레이션을 통해 유도된 오류율 상한과 부호의 프레임 오류율이 높은 SNR 영역에서 채널 outage 확률에 근접함을 알 수 있다.In this dissertation, two main contributions are given as: i) new construction methods for protograph-based generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) codes for the binary erasure channel using partial doping technique and ii) new design of protograph-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for the block fading channel using resolvable block design. First, a new code design technique, called partial doping, for protograph-based GLDPC codes is proposed. While the conventional construction method of protograph-based GLDPC codes is to replace some single parity-check (SPC) nodes with generalized constraint (GC) nodes applying to multiple connected variable nodes (VNs) in the protograph, the proposed technique of partial doping can select any number of partial VNs in the protograph to be protected by GC nodes. In other words, the partial doping technique enables finer tuning of doping, which gives higher degrees of freedom in the code design and enables a sophisticated code optimization. The proposed partially doped GLDPC (PD-GLDPC) codes are constructed using the partial doping technique and optimized by the protograph extrinsic information transfer (PEXIT) analysis. In addition, the condition guaranteeing the linear minimum distance growth of the PD-GLDPC codes is proposed and analytically proven so that the PD-GLDPC code ensembles satisfying this condition have the typical minimum distance. Consequently, the proposed PD-GLDPC codes outperform the conventional GLDPC codes with a notable improvement in the waterfall performance and without the error floor phenomenon. Finally, the PD-GLDPC codes are shown to achieve a competitive performance compared to the existing state-of-the-art block LDPC codes. Second, the protograph-based LDPC codes constructed from resolvable balanced incomplete block design (RBIBD) are designed and proposed for block fading (BF) channel. In order to analyze the performance of the proposed LDPC codes, the upper bounds on bit error rate (BER) using the novel method called gamma evolution are derived. In addition, the numerical analysis shows that the upper bound and the frame error rate (FER) of the proposed LDPC codes approach the channel outage probability in a finite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview of Dissertation 3 2 Overview of LDPC Codes 5 2.1 LDPC Codes 5 2.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes in the BEC 7 2.3 Analysis tool for LDPC Codes 8 2.3.1 Density Evolution 8 2.4 Protograph-Based LDPC Codes 9 3 Construction of Protograph-Based Partially Doped Generalized LDPC Codes 11 3.1 Code Structure of Protograph-Based GLDPC Ensembles 14 3.1.1 Construction of Protograph Doped GLDPC Codes 14 3.1.2 PEXIT Analysis and Decoding Process of Protograph Doped GLDPC Codes 15 3.2 The Proposed PD-GLDPC Codes 18 3.2.1 Construction Method of PD-GLDPC Codes 18 3.2.2 PEXIT Analysis of PD-GLDPC Codes 22 3.2.3 Condition for the Existence of the Typical Minimum Distance of the PD-GLDPC Code Ensemble 23 3.2.4 Comparison between Proposed PD-GLDPC Codes and Protograph Doped GLDPC Codes 25 3.3 Optimization of PD-GLDPC Codes 26 3.3.1 Construction of PD-GLDPC Codes from Regular Protographs 26 3.3.2 Differential Evolution-Based Code Construction from the Degree Distribution of Random LDPC Code Ensembles 28 3.3.3 Optimization of PD-GLDPC Codes Using Protograph Differential Evolution 32 3.4 Numerical Results and Analysis 36 3.4.1 Simulation Result for Optimized PD-GLDPC Code from Regular and Irregular Random LDPC Code Ensembles 36 3.4.2 Simulation Result for PD-GLDPC Code from Optimized Protograph 43 3.5 Proof of Theorem 1: The Constraint for the Existence of the Typical Minimum Distance of the Proposed Protograph-Based PD-GLDPC Codes 45 4 Design of Protograph-Based LDPC Code Using Resolvable Block Design for Block Fading Channel 52 4.1 Problem Formulation 53 4.1.1 BF Channel Model 53 4.1.2 Performance Metrics of BF Channel 54 4.1.3 Protograph-Based LDPC Codes and QC LDPC Codes 57 4.2 New Construction of Protograph-Based LDPC Codes from Resolvable Block Designs 57 4.2.1 Resolvable Block Designs 57 4.2.2 Construction of the Proposed Protograph-Based LDPC Codes 59 4.2.3 Theoretical Analysis of the Proposed Protograph-Based LDPC Code from RBD 61 4.2.4 Numerical Analysis of the Proposed Protograph-Based LDPC Code Codes for BF Channel 65 4.2.5 BER Comparison with Analytical Results from Gamma Evolution 65 4.2.6 FER Comparison with Channel Outage Probability 67 5 Conclusions 69 Abstract (In Korean) 78박

Spatially coupled generalized LDPC codes: asymptotic analysis and finite length scaling

Generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) codes are a class of LDPC codes in which the standard single parity check (SPC) constraints are replaced by constraints defined by a linear block code. These stronger constraints typically result in improved error floor performance, due to better minimum distance and trapping set properties, at a cost of some increased decoding complexity. In this paper, we study spatially coupled generalized low-density parity-check (SC-GLDPC) codes and present a comprehensive analysis of these codes, including: (1) an iterative decoding threshold analysis of SC-GLDPC code ensembles demonstrating capacity approaching thresholds via the threshold saturation effect; (2) an asymptotic analysis of the minimum distance and free distance properties of SC-GLDPC code ensembles, demonstrating that the ensembles are asymptotically good; and (3) an analysis of the finite-length scaling behavior of both GLDPC block codes and SC-GLDPC codes based on a peeling decoder (PD) operating on a binary erasure channel (BEC). Results are compared to GLDPC block codes, and the advantages and disadvantages of SC-GLDPC codes are discussed.This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant ECCS-1710920, Grant OIA-1757207, and Grant HRD-1914635; in part by the European Research Council (ERC) through the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant 714161; and in part by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University under Grant TEC2016-78434-C3-3-R (AEI/FEDER, EU)

On design of doubly-generalized LDPC codes based on multi-type information functions

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On generalized LDPC codes for ultra reliable communication

Ultra reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is an important feature in future mobile communication systems, as they will require high data rates, large system capacity and massive device connectivity [11]. To meet such stringent requirements, many error-correction codes (ECC)s are being investigated; turbo codes, low density parity check (LDPC) codes, polar codes and convolutional codes [70, 92, 38], among many others. In this work, we present generalized low density parity check (GLDPC) codes as a promising candidate for URLLC. Our proposal is based on a novel class of GLDPC code ensembles, for which new analysis tools are proposed. We analyze the trade-o_ between coding rate and asymptotic performance of a class of GLDPC codes constructed by including a certain fraction of generalized constraint (GC) nodes in the graph. To incorporate both bounded distance (BD) and maximum likelihood (ML) decoding at GC nodes into our analysis without resorting to multi-edge type of degree distribution (DD)s, we propose the probabilistic peeling decoding (P-PD) algorithm, which models the decoding step at every GC node as an instance of a Bernoulli random variable with a successful decoding probability that depends on both the GC block code as well as its decoding algorithm. The P-PD asymptotic performance over the BEC can be efficiently predicted using standard techniques for LDPC codes such as Density evolution (DE) or the differential equation method. We demonstrate that the simulated P-PD performance accurately predicts the actual performance of the GLPDC code under ML decoding at GC nodes. We illustrate our analysis for GLDPC code ensembles with regular and irregular DDs. This design methodology is applied to construct practical codes for URLLC. To this end, we incorporate to our analysis the use of quasi-cyclic (QC) structures, to mitigate the code error floor and facilitate the code very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation. Furthermore, for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, we analyze the complexity and performance of the message passing decoder with various update rules (including standard full-precision sum product and min-sum algorithms) and quantization schemes. The block error rate (BLER) performance of the proposed GLDPC codes, combined with a complementary outer code, is shown to outperform a variety of state-of-the-art codes, for URLLC, including LDPC codes, polar codes, turbo codes and convolutional codes, at similar complexity rates.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Multimedia y ComunicacionesPresidente: Juan José Murillo Fuentes.- Secretario: Matilde Pilar Sánchez Fernández.- Vocal: Javier Valls Coquilla

Sparse graph-based coding schemes for continuous phase modulations

The use of the continuous phase modulation (CPM) is interesting when the channel represents a strong non-linearity and in the case of limited spectral support; particularly for the uplink, where the satellite holds an amplifier per carrier, and for downlinks where the terminal equipment works very close to the saturation region. Numerous studies have been conducted on this issue but the proposed solutions use iterative CPM demodulation/decoding concatenated with convolutional or block error correcting codes. The use of LDPC codes has not yet been introduced. Particularly, no works, to our knowledge, have been done on the optimization of sparse graph-based codes adapted for the context described here. In this study, we propose to perform the asymptotic analysis and the design of turbo-CPM systems based on the optimization of sparse graph-based codes. Moreover, an analysis on the corresponding receiver will be done