Lightness, Brightness, and Transparency in Optical See-Through Augmented Reality

Augmented reality (AR), as a key component of the future metaverse, has leaped from the research labs to the consumer and enterprise markets. AR optical see-through (OST) devices utilize transparent optical combiners to provide visibility of the real environment as well as superimpose virtual content on top of it. OST displays distinct from existing media because of their optical additivity, meaning the light reaching the eyes is composed of both virtual content and real background. The composition results in the intended virtual colors being distorted and perceived transparent. When the luminance of the virtual content decreases, the perceived lightness and brightness decrease, and the perceived transparency increases. Lightness, brightness, and transparency are modulated by one physical dimension (luminance), and all interact with the background and each other. In this research, we aim to identify and quantify the three perceptual dimensions, as well as build mathematical models to predict them. In the first part of the study, we focused on the perceived brightness and lightness with two experiments: a brightness partition scaling experiment to build brightness scales, and a diffuse white adjustment experiment to determine the absolute luminance level required for diffuse white appearances on 2D and 3D AR stimuli. The second part of the research targeted at the perceived transparency in the AR environment with three experiments. The transparency was modulated by the background Michelson contrast reduction in either average luminance or peak-to-peak luminance difference to investigate, and later illustrated, the fundamental mechanism evoking transparency perception. The first experiment measured the transparency detection thresholds and confirmed that contrast sensitivity functions with contrast adaptation could model the thresholds. Subsequently, the transparency perception was investigated through direct anchored scaling experiment by building perceived transparency scales from the virtual content contrast ratio to the background. A contrast-ratio-based model was proposed predicting the perceived transparency scales. Finally, the transparency equivalency experiment between the two types of contrast modulation confirmed the mechanism difference and validated the proposed model

Intensity evaluation of the spreading and simultaneous contrast effects based on the dotted White’s samples

Sustavi i metode vizualne komunikacije na kojima se baziraju procesi grafičke reprodukcije svakodnevno se unapređuju s novim saznanjima vezanima uz rezultate istraživanja pojedinih psihofizikalnih vizualnih efekata. U skladu s time suvremeni trendovi ovog područja usmjereni su prema određivanju razlike u kvaliteti grafičkih reprodukcija u slučaju manifestacije različitih psihofizikalnih efekata. U radu je provedeno istraživanje utjecaja vizualnih efekata rasprostiranja i simultanog kontrasta koji izazivaju pomak pojavnosti boje (različite kombinacija primarnih boja aditivne i suptraktivne sinteze) stimulusa na White-ovom efektu (Groundalov točkasti efekt) na testnim uzorcima otisnutim koristeći četiri standardne metode renderiranja. Procjena je provedena primjenom vizualne tehnike ocjenjivanja, simultanog dvoglednog usuglašavanja.Systems and methods of visual communication, which the processes of graphic reproduction are based on, are developed on a daily basis with new ideas related to the research results of certain psychophysical visual effects. Consequently, modern trends in this area are directed towards determining the difference in the quality of graphic reproductions in case of events of different psychophysical visual effects. This paper presents a conducted research of the influence of visual effects of spreading and simultaneous contrast which cause shift in the colour appearance (different combinations of primary colours of additive and subtractive synthesis) of the stimulus in the White’s effect (Groundal dotted illusion) on the test patterns printed by using four standard methods of rendering. The evaluation was conducted using visual assessment technique, simultaneous binocular teaming

The Urban CoCreation Lab—An Integrated Platform for Remote and Simultaneous Collaborative Urban Planning and Design through Web-Based Desktop 3D Modeling, Head-Mounted Virtual Reality and Mobile Augmented Reality: Prototyping a Minimum Viable Product and Developing Specifications for a Minimum Marketable Product

Both policy and research highlight the importance of diverse stakeholder input in urban development processes but visualizing future built environments and creating two-way design communication for non-expert stakeholders are challenging. The present study develops an intuitive and simplified 3D modeling platform that integrates web-based desktop, virtual reality and mobile augmented reality technologies for remote simultaneous urban design collaboration. Through iterative prototyping, based on two series of workshops with stakeholders, the study resulted in such an integrated platform as a minimum viable product as well as specifications for a minimum marketable product to be used in real projects. Further study is required to evaluate the minimum level of detail in the 3D modeling necessary for good perception of scale and environmental impact simulation

Enhancing the Simultaneous Alignment and Sorting of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes have broken through the barriers of our imagination and are currently being investigated for various nano-electronic device applications. Successful implementation in these applications however, often requires strict control of their properties and orientation. As such, post-synthesis processing must be performed prior to any device fabrication. These processing techniques often aim to either address the challenges associated with sorting and alignment individually. A novel method called the alignment relay technique aims to address both of these issues simultaneously. As the introduction of this process was merely a proof of concept, focus must be put in place to enhance the performance and e cacy. In an attempt to improve this technique, we alter the temperature, liquid crystal, iptycene design as well as means of alignment as attempts to accomplish this. At the same time, mechanistic details are revealed to gain a better insight of the nanoscopic dynamics. Preparation of preliminary materials and apparatuses are initially performed. We rst build a Polarized Optical Microsope (POM) in order to observe the liquid crystal dynamics. Despite its frequent use in a research setting, the cost can be upwards of thousands of dollars. As only qualitative observations are required, we decided to build our own model. In this section, we provide a blueprint for the construction of an economical POM with a heating stage and digital connection for facile recording of data, totaling about $150-$200. We subsequently demonstrate its e ective application in visualizing liquid crystals. After the microscope is made, various molecules are synthesized to gain the chemical resources needed for the alignment. In an attempt to circumvent some of the hazards asssociated with the original synthesis, an alternate route to create iptycene (5) is rst explored. Despite having success in the initial parts of the synthetic sequence, an inability to replicate literature conditions causes the nal step to produce only a 2% yield. Thus, we are forced to abandon this procedure and revert to using the original route to making the molecule. A smaller iptycene molecule (9) is subsequently made through attaching the anchoring group directly to one of the intermediates appearing in the synthesis of iptycene (5). Finally, a separate liquid crystal (11) is synthesized through two nucleophilic additions with 4- hydroxy-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid. These materials provide us the necessary grounding to perform experiments with the alignment relay technique. After the preliminary materials are gathered, the e ects of changing the temperature, liquid crystal and iptycene on CNT depositions are observed. An increase in temperature from 25 oC to 70 oC with a nematic liquid crystal (ZLI-1185) do not yield great results as standard deviations are over 45 o. Attempts at using a more ordered smectic A liquid crystal mixture do not aid results either. In fact, we obtain no CNT deposition at all with these iv attempts. From this, we gather that controlling both the alignment and functionalization of iptycenes at higher temperatures prove to be a challenging task. As a result of the unknown parameters of both functionalization and alignment kinetics, higher temperature experiments are abandoned. Next, iptycene (9) is used to probe the sorting e ects of the alignment relay technique. As the size of the cavity on this molecule is signi cantly smaller in comparison to the original iptycene (5) we expect smaller CNT's to be deposited onto the surface. Unfortunately, alignment of this molecule in liquid crystal media is a potential issue due to the smaller size. Consequently, no CNT's are spotted on the surface. Valuable mechanistic insights are obtained from these changes in variables in the alignment relay technique. Finally, magnetic elds are explored as a viable method for alignment. From these experiments, we nd that the performance is positively associated with the magnetic eld strength. The standard deviation in alignment between a 0.6 T eld and 0.9 T eld are 55 o and 24 o respectively with also a clear Gaussian distribution found in the latter condition. Trends for selectivity however, are uncon rmed as Raman spectroscopy using 532 nm and 633 nm lasers show con icting information. The 532 nm laser show the best selectivity under a 0.9 T eld while the 633 nm laser suggested that the 0.6 T has the better selectivity. Despite needing further data to establish a pattern between eld strength selectivity, general patterns remain congruent with previous reports as the same diameter CNT's (1.44 nm and 1.59 nm) are present on the substrate surface. These positive results allow the use of magnetic elds to be the basis of future alignment experiments and processes. Bene ts as a result of this change include limiting exposure of the substrate to dust, adjustable alignment and reusability

Change blindness: eradication of gestalt strategies

Arrays of eight, texture-defined rectangles were used as stimuli in a one-shot change blindness (CB) task where there was a 50% chance that one rectangle would change orientation between two successive presentations separated by an interval. CB was eliminated by cueing the target rectangle in the first stimulus, reduced by cueing in the interval and unaffected by cueing in the second presentation. This supports the idea that a representation was formed that persisted through the interval before being 'overwritten' by the second presentation (Landman et al, 2003 Vision Research 43149–164]. Another possibility is that participants used some kind of grouping or Gestalt strategy. To test this we changed the spatial position of the rectangles in the second presentation by shifting them along imaginary spokes (by ±1 degree) emanating from the central fixation point. There was no significant difference seen in performance between this and the standard task [F(1,4)=2.565, p=0.185]. This may suggest two things: (i) Gestalt grouping is not used as a strategy in these tasks, and (ii) it gives further weight to the argument that objects may be stored and retrieved from a pre-attentional store during this task

Spion-C595 Nanoprobe For Magnetic Resonance Image Contrast Enhancement Of Hormone Dependent Breast Cancer Cells

Kini pengimejan diagnostik berkesan dan khusus kanser payudara pada peringkat awal merupakan suatu cabaran yang besar. Nanoperubatan memainkan peranan penting dengan cara menyampaikan agen kontras disasarkan kepada sel-sel tumor tertentu yang membawa kepada penambahbaikan dalam ketepatan diagnostik dengan visualisasi yang baik dan demonstrasi tertentu sel-sel tumor. Currently, effective and specific diagnostic imaging of breast cancer in early stages is a major challenge. Nanomedicine plays an essential role by delivering the contrast agent in a targeted manner to specific tumor cells, leading to improvement in accurate diagnostic by good visualization and specific demonstration of tumor cells

High Performance Textiles

High-performance or hi-tech textiles represent the keystone of the present and the future for all industrial sectors, which require lightening, flexibility, and the high mechanical resistance as well as thermal stability of the materials. As described within this Special Issue, the applications of these advanced systems are innovative and also highly technological: from water-repellent to stain-resistant fabrics, from being flame-resistant to antibacterial/antifouling, from being insulating to conductive, and from environmental protection systems to smart textiles. High-performance textiles also meet all of the actual requirements of sustainability and environmental protection of modern industry

The visual dimension in organizing, organization, and organization research: Core ideas, current developments, and promising avenues

With the unprecedented rise in the use of visuals, and its undeniable omnipresence in organizational contexts, as well as in the individual's everyday life, organization and management science has recently started to pay closer attention to the to date under-theorized "visual mode" of discourse and meaning construction. Building primarily on insights from the phenomenological tradition in organization theory and from social semiotics, this article sets out to consolidate previous scholarly efforts and to sketch a fertile future research agenda. After briefly exploring the workings of visuals, we introduce the methodological and theoretical "roots" of visual studies in a number of disciplines that have a long-standing tradition of incorporating the visual. We then continue by extensively reviewing work in the field of organization and management studies: More specifically, we present five distinct approaches to feature visuals in research designs and to include the visual dimension in scholarly inquiry. Subsequently, we outline, in some detail, promising avenues for future research, and close with a reflection on the impact of visualization on scientific practice itself. (authors' abstract

Advances in Surface Modification and Treatment of Wood

Biopolymers including natural (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, gums, natural rubbers, bacterial polymers), synthetic (e.g., aliphatic polyesters and polyphosphoester), and biocomposites are of paramount interest in regenerative medicine, due to their availability, processability, and low toxicity. Moreover, the structuration of biopolymer-based materials at the nano- and microscale along with their chemical properties are crucial in the engineering of advanced carriers for drug products. Finally, combination products including or based on biopolymers for controlled drug release offer a powerful solution to improve the tissue integration and biological response of these materials. Understanding the drug delivery mechanisms, efficiency, and toxicity of such systems may be useful for regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical technology. The main aim of the Special Issue on “Biopolymers in Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine” is to gather recent findings and current advances on biopolymer research for biomedical applications, particularly in regenerative medicine, wound healing, and drug delivery. Contributions to this issue can be as original research or review articles and may cover all aspects of biopolymer research, ranging from the chemical synthesis and characterization of modified biopolymers, their processing in different morphologies and hierarchical structures, as well as their assessment for biomedical uses