Internet of robotic things : converging sensing/actuating, hypoconnectivity, artificial intelligence and IoT Platforms

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is evolving rapidly and influencing newdevelopments in various application domains, such as the Internet of MobileThings (IoMT), Autonomous Internet of Things (A-IoT), Autonomous Systemof Things (ASoT), Internet of Autonomous Things (IoAT), Internetof Things Clouds (IoT-C) and the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) etc.that are progressing/advancing by using IoT technology. The IoT influencerepresents new development and deployment challenges in different areassuch as seamless platform integration, context based cognitive network integration,new mobile sensor/actuator network paradigms, things identification(addressing, naming in IoT) and dynamic things discoverability and manyothers. The IoRT represents new convergence challenges and their need to be addressed, in one side the programmability and the communication ofmultiple heterogeneous mobile/autonomous/robotic things for cooperating,their coordination, configuration, exchange of information, security, safetyand protection. Developments in IoT heterogeneous parallel processing/communication and dynamic systems based on parallelism and concurrencyrequire new ideas for integrating the intelligent “devices”, collaborativerobots (COBOTS), into IoT applications. Dynamic maintainability, selfhealing,self-repair of resources, changing resource state, (re-) configurationand context based IoT systems for service implementation and integrationwith IoT network service composition are of paramount importance whennew “cognitive devices” are becoming active participants in IoT applications.This chapter aims to be an overview of the IoRT concept, technologies,architectures and applications and to provide a comprehensive coverage offuture challenges, developments and applications

A Survey on Wireless Security: Technical Challenges, Recent Advances and Future Trends

This paper examines the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by the inherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defense mechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize the security requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability issues. Next, a comprehensive overview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented in view of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threats are discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a survey of the existing security protocols and algorithms that are adopted in the existing wireless network standards, such as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and the long-term evolution (LTE) systems. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art in physical-layer security, which is an emerging technique of securing the open communications environment against eavesdropping attacks at the physical layer. We also introduce the family of various jamming attacks and their counter-measures, including the constant jammer, intermittent jammer, reactive jammer, adaptive jammer and intelligent jammer. Additionally, we discuss the integration of physical-layer security into existing authentication and cryptography mechanisms for further securing wireless networks. Finally, some technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends in wireless security are discussed.Comment: 36 pages. Accepted to Appear in Proceedings of the IEEE, 201

Modeling and Evaluating Energy Performance of Smartphones

With advances in hardware miniaturization and wireless communication technologies even small portable wireless devices have much communication bandwidth and computing power. These devices include smartphones, tablet computers, and personal digital assistants. Users of these devices expect to run software applications that they usually have on their desktop computers as well as the new applications that are being developed for mobile devices. Web browsing, social networking, gaming, online multimedia playing, global positioning system based navigation, and accessing emails are examples of a few popular applications. Mobile versions of thousands of desktop applications are already available in mobile application markets, and consequently, the expected operational time of smartphones is rising rapidly. At the same time, the complexity of these applications is growing in terms of computation and communication needs, and there is a growing demand for energy in smartphones. However, unlike the exponential growth in computing and communication technologies, in terms of speed and packaging density, battery technology has not kept pace with the rapidly growing energy demand of these devices. Therefore, designers are faced with the need to enhance the battery life of smartphones. Knowledge of how energy is used and lost in the system components of the devices is vital to this end. With this view, we focus on modeling and evaluating the energy performance of smartphones in this thesis. We also propose techniques for enhancing the energy efficiency and functionality of smartphones. The detailed contributions of the thesis are as follows: (i) we present a nite state machine based model to estimate the energy cost of an application running on a smartphone, and provide practical approaches to extract model parameters; (ii) the concept of energy cost pro le is introduced to assess the impact of design decisions on energy cost at an early stage of software design; (iii) a generic architecture is proposed and implemented for enhancing the capabilities of smartphones by sharing resources; (iv) we have analyzed the Internet tra c of smartphones to observe the energy saving potentials, and have studied the implications on the existing energy saving techniques; and nally, (v) we have provided a methodology to select user level test cases for performing energy cost evaluation of applications. All of our concepts and proposed methodology have been validated with extensive measurements on a real test bench. Our work contributes to both theoretical understanding of energy e ciency of software applications and practical methodologies for evaluating energy e ciency. In summary, the results of this work can be used by application developers to make implementation level decisions that affect the energy efficiency of software applications on smartphones. In addition, this work leads to the design and implementation of energy e cient smartphones

Internet of Things-aided Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research Directions

Traditional power grids are being transformed into Smart Grids (SGs) to address the issues in existing power system due to uni-directional information flow, energy wastage, growing energy demand, reliability and security. SGs offer bi-directional energy flow between service providers and consumers, involving power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization systems. SGs employ various devices for the monitoring, analysis and control of the grid, deployed at power plants, distribution centers and in consumers' premises in a very large number. Hence, an SG requires connectivity, automation and the tracking of such devices. This is achieved with the help of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT helps SG systems to support various network functions throughout the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as well as by providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such devices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT-aided SG systems, which includes the existing architectures, applications and prototypes of IoT-aided SG systems. This survey also highlights the open issues, challenges and future research directions for IoT-aided SG systems

User Experience Enhancement on Smartphones using Wireless Communication Technologies

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 박세웅.Recently, various sensors as well as wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) have been equipped with smartphones. In addition, in many cases, users use a smartphone while on the move, so if a wireless communication technologies and various sensors are used for a mobile user, a better user experience can be provided. For example, when a user moves while using Wi-Fi, the user experience can be improved by providing a seamless Wi-Fi service. In addition, it is possible to provide a special service such as indoor positioning or navigation by estimating the users mobility in an indoor environment, and additional services such as location-based advertising and payment systems can also be provided. Therefore, improving the user experience by using wireless communication technology and smartphones sensors is considered to be an important research field in the future. In this dissertation, we propose three systems that can improve the user experience or convenience by usingWi-Fi, BLE, and smartphones sensors: (i) BLEND: BLE beacon-aided fast Wi-Fi handoff for smartphones, (ii) PYLON: Smartphone based Indoor Path Estimation and Localization without Human Intervention, (iii) FINISH: Fully-automated Indoor Navigation using Smartphones with Zero Human Assistance. First, we propose fast handoff scheme called BLEND exploiting BLE as secondary radio. We conduct detailed analysis of the sticky client problem on commercial smartphones with experiment and close examination of Android source code. We propose BLEND, which exploits BLE modules to provide smartphones with prior knowledge of the presence and information of APs operating at 2.4 and 5 GHz Wi-Fi channels. BLEND operating with only application requires no hardware and Android source code modification of smartphones.We prototype BLEND with commercial smartphones and evaluate the performance in real environment. Our measurement results demonstrate that BLEND significantly improves throughput and video bitrate by up to 61% and 111%, compared to a commercial Android application, respectively, with negligible energy overhead. Second, we design a path estimation and localization system, termed PYLON, which is plug-and-play on Android smartphones. PYLON includes a novel landmark correction scheme that leverages real doors of indoor environments consisting of floor plan mapping, door passing time detection and correction. It operates without any user intervention. PYLON relaxes some requirements for localization systems. It does not require any modifications to hardware or software of smartphones, and the initial location of WiFi APs, BLE beacons, and users. We implement PYLON on five Android smartphones and evaluate it on two office buildings with the help of three participants to prove applicability and scalability. PYLON achieves very high floor plan mapping accuracy with a low localization error. Finally, We design a fully-automated navigation system, termed FINISH, which addresses the problems of existing previous indoor navigation systems. FINISH generates the radio map of an indoor building based on the localization system to determine the initial location of the user. FINISH relaxes some requirements for current indoor navigation systems. It does not require any human assistance to provide navigation instructions. In addition, it is plug-and-play on Android smartphones. We implement FINISH on five Android smartphones and evaluate it on five floors of an office building with the help of multiple users to prove applicability and scalability. FINISH determines the location of the user with extremely high accuracy with in one step. In summary, we propose systems that enhance the users convenience and experience by utilizing wireless infrastructures such as Wi-Fi and BLE and various smartphones sensors such as accelerometer, gyroscope, and barometer equipped in smartphones. Systems are implemented on commercial smartphones to verify the performance through experiments. As a result, systems show the excellent performance that can enhance the users experience.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Overview of Existing Approaches 3 1.2.1 Wi-Fi handoff for smartphones 3 1.2.2 Indoor path estimation and localization 4 1.2.3 Indoor navigation 5 1.3 Main Contributions 7 1.3.1 BLEND: BLE Beacon-aided Fast Handoff for Smartphones 7 1.3.2 PYLON: Smartphone Based Indoor Path Estimation and Localization with Human Intervention 8 1.3.3 FINISH: Fully-automated Indoor Navigation using Smartphones with Zero Human Assistance 9 1.4 Organization of Dissertation 10 2 BLEND: BLE Beacon-Aided FastWi-Fi Handoff for Smartphones 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Related Work 14 2.2.1 Wi-Fi-based Handoff 14 2.2.2 WPAN-aided AP Discovery 15 2.3 Background 16 2.3.1 Handoff Procedure in IEEE 802.11 16 2.3.2 BSS Load Element in IEEE 802.11 16 2.3.3 Bluetooth Low Energy 17 2.4 Sticky Client Problem 17 2.4.1 Sticky Client Problem of Commercial Smartphone 17 2.4.2 Cause of Sticky Client Problem 20 2.5 BLEND: Proposed Scheme 21 2.5.1 Advantages and Necessities of BLE as Secondary Low-Power Radio 21 2.5.2 Overall Architecture 22 2.5.3 AP Operation 23 2.5.4 Smartphone Operation 24 2.5.5 Verification of aTH estimation 28 2.6 Performance Evaluation 30 2.6.1 Implementation and Measurement Setup 30 2.6.2 Saturated Traffic Scenario 31 2.6.3 Video Streaming Scenario 35 2.7 Summary 38 3 PYLON: Smartphone based Indoor Path Estimation and Localization without Human Intervention 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Background and Related Work 44 3.2.1 Infrastructure-Based Localization 44 3.2.2 Fingerprint-Based Localization 45 3.2.3 Model-Based Localization 45 3.2.4 Dead Reckoning 46 3.2.5 Landmark-Based Localization 47 3.2.6 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) 47 3.3 System Overview 48 3.3.1 Notable RSSI Signature 49 3.3.2 Smartphone Operation 50 3.3.3 Server Operation 51 3.4 Path Estimation 52 3.4.1 Step Detection 52 3.4.2 Step Length Estimation 54 3.4.3 Walking Direction 54 3.4.4 Location Update 55 3.5 Landmark Correction Part 1: Virtual Room Generation 56 3.5.1 RSSI Stacking Difference 56 3.5.2 Virtual Room Generation 57 3.5.3 Virtual Graph Generation 59 3.5.4 Physical Graph Generation 60 3.6 Landmark Correction Part 2: From Floor Plan Mapping to Path Correction 60 3.6.1 Candidate Graph Generation 60 3.6.2 Backbone Node Mapping 62 3.6.3 Dead-end Node Mapping 65 3.6.4 Final Candidate Graph Selection 66 3.6.5 Door Passing Time Detection 68 3.6.6 Path Correction 70 3.7 Particle Filter 71 3.8 Performance Evaluation 73 3.8.1 Implementation and Measurement Setup 73 3.8.2 Step Detection Accuracy 77 3.8.3 Floor Plan Mapping Accuracy 77 3.8.4 Door Passing Time 78 3.8.5 Walking Direction and Localization Performance 81 3.8.6 Impact of WiFi AP and BLE Beacon Number 84 3.8.7 Impact of Walking Distance and Speed 84 3.8.8 Performance on Different Areas 87 3.9 Summary 87 4 FINISH: Fully-automated Indoor Navigation using Smartphones with Zero Human Assistance 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Related Work 92 4.2.1 Localization-based Navigation System 92 4.2.2 Peer-to-peer Navigation System 93 4.3 System Overview 93 4.3.1 System Architecture 93 4.3.2 An Example for Navigation 95 4.4 Level Change Detection and Floor Decision 96 4.4.1 Level Change Detection 96 4.5 Real-time navigation 97 4.5.1 Initial Floor and Location Decision 97 4.5.2 Orientation Adjustment 98 4.5.3 Shortest Path Estimation 99 4.6 Performance Evaluation 99 4.6.1 Initial Location Accuracy 99 4.6.2 Real-Time Navigation Accuracy 100 4.7 Summary 101 5 Conclusion 102 5.1 Research Contributions 102 5.2 Future Work 103 Abstract (In Korean) 118 감사의 글Docto

CPA\u27s guide to wireless technology and networking

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_guides/1303/thumbnail.jp

Trustworthy Wireless Personal Area Networks

In the Internet of Things (IoT), everyday objects are equipped with the ability to compute and communicate. These smart things have invaded the lives of everyday people, being constantly carried or worn on our bodies, and entering into our homes, our healthcare, and beyond. This has given rise to wireless networks of smart, connected, always-on, personal things that are constantly around us, and have unfettered access to our most personal data as well as all of the other devices that we own and encounter throughout our day. It should, therefore, come as no surprise that our personal devices and data are frequent targets of ever-present threats. Securing these devices and networks, however, is challenging. In this dissertation, we outline three critical problems in the context of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) and present our solutions to these problems. First, I present our Trusted I/O solution (BASTION-SGX) for protecting sensitive user data transferred between wirelessly connected (Bluetooth) devices. This work shows how in-transit data can be protected from privileged threats, such as a compromised OS, on commodity systems. I present insights into the Bluetooth architecture, Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX), and how a Trusted I/O solution can be engineered on commodity devices equipped with SGX. Second, I present our work on AMULET and how we successfully built a wearable health hub that can run multiple health applications, provide strong security properties, and operate on a single charge for weeks or even months at a time. I present the design and evaluation of our highly efficient event-driven programming model, the design of our low-power operating system, and developer tools for profiling ultra-low-power applications at compile time. Third, I present a new approach (VIA) that helps devices at the center of WPANs (e.g., smartphones) to verify the authenticity of interactions with other devices. This work builds on past work in anomaly detection techniques and shows how these techniques can be applied to Bluetooth network traffic. Specifically, we show how to create normality models based on fine- and course-grained insights from network traffic, which can be used to verify the authenticity of future interactions

Femtocell deployment; next generation in cellular systems

The final Bachelor’s Thesis that is shown below has such a final purpose of giving an overview of the inclusion of the so-called Femtocells (or Home Node B) in the current cellular systems. The main objective is to give a clear but simple idea about the concepts of Femtocells, as well as to explain the benefits and disadvantages of the mass uses of these services both for consumers and associated companies with this phenomenon. In this text it is also possible to find a brief review of wireless technologies throughout the history of telecommunications, as well as an introduction to the more current wireless technologies, with a special interest in the concept of cellular systems. In the last chapter a simple mathematical explanation of the key issue of interference between Femtocells and macrocellular networks is presented, with a brief argument about possible solutions

Iot-enabled smart cities: evolution and outlook

For the last decade the Smart City concept has been under development, fostered by the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the need to handle the challenges that such a scenario raises. During this time many Smart City projects have been executed–some as proof-of-concept, but a growing number resulting in permanent, production-level deployments, improving the operation of the city and the quality of life of its citizens. Thus, Smart Cities are still a highly relevant paradigm which needs further development before it reaches its full potential and provides robust and resilient solutions. In this paper, the focus is set on the Internet of Things (IoT) as an enabling technology for the Smart City. In this sense, the paper reviews the current landscape of IoT-enabled Smart Cities, surveying relevant experiences and city initiatives that have embedded IoT within their city services and how they have generated an impact. The paper discusses the key technologies that have been developed and how they are contributing to the realization of the Smart City. Moreover, it presents some challenges that remain open ahead of us and which are the initiatives and technologies that are under development to tackle them.This research was partially funded by Spain State Research Agency (AEI) by means of the project FIERCE: Future Internet Enabled Resilient CitiEs (RTI2018-093475-A-I00). Prof. Song was supported by Smart City R&D project of the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT), Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (Grant 18NSPS-B149386-01)

Mobile devices in applications for healthcare: systems and technology

Actualmente, la evolución de las comunicaciones inalámbricas y de las tecnologías de red permite el acceso a servicios médicos de manera remota desde una gran variedad de dispositivos móviles. Este nuevo contexto técnico-sanitario se conoce como m-Health y, junto con otras tendencias de nueva aparición sector como el historial clínico electrónico (HCE), podría suponer una auténtica revolución en el sector de la salud y, más concretamente, en el tratamiento y seguimiento de enfermedades crónicas. En este proyecto se exploran las posibilidades ofrecidas por e-Health y, más detalladamente, por m-Health para la gestión de enfermedades crónicas por parte del propio paciente desde un punto de vista técnico, haciendo especial hincapié en la estructura de comunicaciones necesaria. Para ello, se describen las tecnologías, arquitecturas y dispositivos disponibles con capacidad suficiente para satisfacer los requisitos establecidos por una enfermedad crónica concreta: diabetes. Atendiendo a estas consideraciones, se propone un sistema para el tratamiento de la diabetes basado en las oportunidades de las tecnologías inalámbricas actuales. Por último, el texto concluye con una serie de observaciones sobre la situación actual de m-Health y sus futuros retos.At present, the evolution of wireless communications and networking technologies allows the access to medical services from a great variety of mobile devices remotely. This new technicalmedical context is known as m-Health and, along with other emerging health trends like electronic health record (EHR), could be a revolution in the health sector and, more specifically, in the treatment and monitoring of chronic diseases. This project will explore the possibilities offered by e-Health and, in more detail, by m-Health for the self-management of chronic diseases from a technical point of view, with particular emphasis on the necessary communications structure. To do so, we describe the technologies, architectures and devices available with sufficient capacity to meet the requirements of specific chronic disease: diabetes. In response to these considerations, we propose a system for the treatment of diabetes based on current wireless technologies opportunities. Finally, the text concludes with a series of observations on the current status of m-Health and its future challenges.Ingeniería de TelecomunicaciónTelekomunikazio Ingeniaritz