Fundamental Concepts of Cyber Resilience: Introduction and Overview

Given the rapid evolution of threats to cyber systems, new management approaches are needed that address risk across all interdependent domains (i.e., physical, information, cognitive, and social) of cyber systems. Further, the traditional approach of hardening of cyber systems against identified threats has proven to be impossible. Therefore, in the same way that biological systems develop immunity as a way to respond to infections and other attacks, so too must cyber systems adapt to ever-changing threats that continue to attack vital system functions, and to bounce back from the effects of the attacks. Here, we explain the basic concepts of resilience in the context of systems, discuss related properties, and make business case of cyber resilience. We also offer a brief summary of ways to assess cyber resilience of a system, and approaches to improving cyber resilience.Comment: This is a preprint version of a chapter that appears in the book "Cyber Resilience of Systems and Networks," Springer 201

ENHANCING THE OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE OF CYBER- MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (CMS) AGAINST CYBER-ATTACKS

Cyber-manufacturing systems (CMS) are interconnected production environments comprised of complex and networked cyber-physical systems (CPS) that can be instantiated across one or many locations. However, this vision of manufacturing environments ushers in the challenge of addressing new security threats to production systems that still contain traditional closed legacy elements. The widespread adoption of CMS has come with a dramatic increase in successful cyber-attacks. With a myriad of new targets and vulnerabilities, hackers have been able to cause significant economic losses by disrupting manufacturing operations, reducing outgoing product quality, and altering product designs. This research aims to contribute to the design of more resilient cyber-manufacturing systems. Traditional cybersecurity mechanisms focus on preventing the occurrence of cyber-attacks, improving the accuracy of detection, and increasing the speed of recovery. More often neglected is addressing how to respond to a successful attack during the time from the attack onset until the system recovery. We propose a novel approach that correlates the state of production and the timing of the attack to predict the effect on the manufacturing key performance indicators. Then a real-time decision strategy is deployed to select the appropriate response to maintain availability, utilization efficiency, and a quality ratio above degradation thresholds until recovery. Our goal is to demonstrate that the operational resilience of CMS can be enhanced such that the system will be able to withstand the advent of cyber-attacks while remaining operationally resilient. This research presents a novel framework to enhance the operational resilience of cyber-manufacturing systems against cyber-attacks. In contrast to other CPS where the general goal of operational resilience is to maintain a certain target level of availability, we propose a manufacturing-centric approach in which we utilize production key performance indicators as targets. This way we adopt a decision-making process for security in a way that is aligned with the operational strategy and bound to the socio-economic constraints inherent to manufacturing. Our proposed framework consists of four steps: 1) Identify: map CMS production goals, vulnerabilities, and resilience-enhancing mechanisms; 2) Establish: set targets of performance in production output, scrap rate, and downtime at different states; 3) Select: determine which mechanisms are needed and their triggering strategy, and 4) Deploy: integrate into the operation of the CMS the selected mechanisms, threat severity evaluation, and activation strategy. Lastly, we demonstrate via experimentation on a CMS testbed that this framework can effectively enhance the operational resilience of a CMS against a known cyber-attack

Architecting the cyberinfrastructure for National Science Foundation Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI)

The NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is a networked ocean research observatory with arrays of instrumented water column moorings and buoys, profilers, gliders and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) within different open ocean and coastal regions. OOI infrastructure also includes a cabled array of instrumented seafloor platforms and water column moorings on the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate. This networked system of instruments, moored and mobile platforms, and arrays will provide ocean scientists, educators and the public the means to collect sustained, time-series data sets that will enable examination of complex, interlinked physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes operating throughout the coastal regions and open ocean. The seven arrays built and deployed during construction support the core set of OOI multidisciplinary scientific instruments that are integrated into a networked software system that will process, distribute, and store all acquired data. The OOI has been built with an expectation of operation for 25 years.Peer Reviewe

Evaluating Resilience of Cyber-Physical-Social Systems

Nowadays, protecting the network is not the only security concern. Still, in cyber security, websites and servers are becoming more popular as targets due to the ease with which they can be accessed when compared to communication networks. Another threat in cyber physical social systems with human interactions is that they can be attacked and manipulated not only by technical hacking through networks, but also by manipulating people and stealing users’ credentials. Therefore, systems should be evaluated beyond cy- ber security, which means measuring their resilience as a piece of evidence that a system works properly under cyber-attacks or incidents. In that way, cyber resilience is increas- ingly discussed and described as the capacity of a system to maintain state awareness for detecting cyber-attacks. All the tasks for making a system resilient should proactively maintain a safe level of operational normalcy through rapid system reconfiguration to detect attacks that would impact system performance. In this work, we broadly studied a new paradigm of cyber physical social systems and defined a uniform definition of it. To overcome the complexity of evaluating cyber resilience, especially in these inhomo- geneous systems, we proposed a framework including applying Attack Tree refinements and Hierarchical Timed Coloured Petri Nets to model intruder and defender behaviors and evaluate the impact of each action on the behavior and performance of the system.Hoje em dia, proteger a rede não é a única preocupação de segurança. Ainda assim, na segurança cibernética, sites e servidores estão se tornando mais populares como alvos devido à facilidade com que podem ser acessados quando comparados às redes de comu- nicação. Outra ameaça em sistemas sociais ciberfisicos com interações humanas é que eles podem ser atacados e manipulados não apenas por hackers técnicos através de redes, mas também pela manipulação de pessoas e roubo de credenciais de utilizadores. Portanto, os sistemas devem ser avaliados para além da segurança cibernética, o que significa medir sua resiliência como uma evidência de que um sistema funciona adequadamente sob ataques ou incidentes cibernéticos. Dessa forma, a resiliência cibernética é cada vez mais discutida e descrita como a capacidade de um sistema manter a consciência do estado para detectar ataques cibernéticos. Todas as tarefas para tornar um sistema resiliente devem manter proativamente um nível seguro de normalidade operacional por meio da reconfi- guração rápida do sistema para detectar ataques que afetariam o desempenho do sistema. Neste trabalho, um novo paradigma de sistemas sociais ciberfisicos é amplamente estu- dado e uma definição uniforme é proposta. Para superar a complexidade de avaliar a resiliência cibernética, especialmente nesses sistemas não homogéneos, é proposta uma estrutura que inclui a aplicação de refinamentos de Árvores de Ataque e Redes de Petri Coloridas Temporizadas Hierárquicas para modelar comportamentos de invasores e de- fensores e avaliar o impacto de cada ação no comportamento e desempenho do sistema