Transportation, Terrorism and Crime: Deterrence, Disruption and Resilience

Abstract: Terrorists likely have adopted vehicle ramming as a tactic because it can be carried out by an individual (or “lone wolf terrorist”), and because the skills required are minimal (e.g. the ability to drive a car and determine locations for creating maximum carnage). Studies of terrorist activities against transportation assets have been conducted to help law enforcement agencies prepare their communities, create mitigation measures, conduct effective surveillance and respond quickly to attacks. This study reviews current research on terrorist tactics against transportation assets, with an emphasis on vehicle ramming attacks. It evaluates some of the current attack strategies, and the possible mitigation or response tactics that may be effective in deterring attacks or saving lives in the event of an attack. It includes case studies that can be used as educational tools for understanding terrorist methodologies, as well as ordinary emergencies that might become a terrorist’s blueprint

Negative Multiplicity: Forecasting the Future Impact of Emerging Technologies on International Stability and Human Security

We asked 30 experts to forecast the developmental trajectories of twelve emerging technologies in the United States, Russia, and China until 2040 and to score their possible future impact on arms race stability, crisis stability, and humanitarian principles. The results reveal that, on average, their impact is expected to be negative, with some technologies negatively affecting all three dependent variables. We used a machine learning algorithm to cluster the technologies according to their anticipated impact. This process identified technology clusters comprised of diverse high-impact technologies that share key impact characteristics but do not necessarily share technical characteristics. We refer to these combined effects as ‘negative multiplicity’, reflecting the predominantly negative, concurrent, and in some cases similar, first- and second-order effects that emerging technologies are expected to have on international stability and human security. The expected alignment of the technology development trajectories of the United States, Russia, and China by 2040, in combination with the negative environment created by geopolitical competition, points to a nascent technological arms race that threatens to seriously impede international arms control efforts to regulate emerging technologies

A Conceptual Model for Network Decision Support Systems

We introduce the concept of a network DSS (NWDSS) consisting of fluid, heterogeneous nodes of human and machine agents, connected by wireless technology, which may enter and leave the network at unpredictable times, yet must also cooperate in decision-making activities. We describe distinguishing properties of the NWDSS and propose a 3-tier conceptual model comprised of digital infrastructure, transactive memory systems and emergent collaborative decision-making. We suggest a decision loop of Sense-Analyze-Adapt-Memory leveraging TMS as a starting point for addressing the agile collaborative requirements of emergent decision-making. Several examples of innovative NWDSS services are presented from Naval Postgraduate School field experiments

A systematic review of proactive driver support systems and underlying technologies

Recently, there has been an incredible growth of recommender systems as well as proactive, context-oriented technologies, based on cloud services, ubiquitous computing and service-oriented architecture. This composition of techniques and technologies has made it possible to create intelligent support systems in areas with rapidly changing environment, like car driving. However, such systems are not yet widespread, and available prototypes, in most cases, are only useful for research trials, so their development remains an important issue. Thereby, this paper reviews the existing body of literature on recommender systems and related technologies in order to carry out their systematic analysis and draw the appropriate conclusions on the prospects for their development

The digital transformation of work: a relational view

Conversation about the current and potential effects of digital technologies on the nature of work is raging within scholarly and practitioner communities. Artificial intelligence, robotics, data analytics, digital platforms, and automation, among other technologies, are prompting a swift and profound transformation of work. Building on Pierpaolo Donati''s relational sociology, we examine the changes these technologies are likely to bring about in work as a human relation. Despite the very real threats of unemployment, job insecurity, precariousness, and surveillance, technology may also encourage the emergence of a work culture that shifts the scales toward a relational realm rather than a transactional one. To this end, we argue that work should be understood as a social relation with four dimensions: exchange value, intrinsic extra-economic purpose, communication for reciprocal services, and correspondence with primary human needs according to use values. Understanding the digital transformation of work from this point of view requires comprehending the differentiation and integration of these four dimensions

Leadership in a digitalized and crisis-ridden world: towards a comprehensive overview of relevant competencies for leaders

Our environment is increasingly characterized by digitalization and crisis. Consequently, the competence requirements for executives are changing. Since they are critical to the success of companies, identifying talents and developing necessary leadership competencies is essential. To accomplish this in a targeted manner, a competency overview is needed that considers digitalization and crisis. However, current literature indicates that digital and crisis leadership are investigated separately. To address this research gap, this study develops a competence overview based on a systematic literature review considering both research streams. The analysis of 38 studies reveals 21 competence areas. For a structured analysis, these competence areas are considering the competence categories of self-, people-, and business management. The literature review shows that there is overlap in the two areas regarding competencies related to decision-making, communication, and learning. Differences occur, for example, regarding leaders' health awareness or technical literacy, which are only addressed in digital leadership

Leadership in a Digitalized and Crisis-ridden World: Towards a Comprehensive Overview of Relevant Competencies for Leaders

Our environment is increasingly characterized by digitalization and crisis. Consequently, the competence requirements for executives are changing. Since they are critical to the success of companies, identifying talents and developing necessary leadership competencies is essential. To accomplish this in a targeted manner, a competency overview is needed that considers digitalization and crisis. However, current literature indicates that digital and crisis leadership are investigated separately. To address this research gap, this study develops a competence overview based on a systematic literature review considering both research streams. The analysis of 38 studies reveals 21 competence areas. For a structured analysis, these competence areas are considering the competence categories of self-, people-, and business management. The literature review shows that there is overlap in the two areas regarding competencies related to decision-making, communication, and learning. Differences occur, for example, regarding leaders' health awareness or technical literacy, which are only addressed in digital leadership