15 research outputs found

    IEEE 802.15.4e: a Survey

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    Several studies have highlighted that the IEEE 802.15.4 standard presents a number of limitations such as low reliability, unbounded packet delays and no protection against interference/fading, that prevent its adoption in applications with stringent requirements in terms of reliability and latency. Recently, the IEEE has released the 802.15.4e amendment that introduces a number of enhancements/modifications to the MAC layer of the original standard in order to overcome such limitations. In this paper we provide a clear and structured overview of all the new 802.15.4e mechanisms. After a general introduction to the 802.15.4e standard, we describe the details of the main 802.15.4e MAC behavior modes, namely Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH), Deterministic and Synchronous Multi-channel Extension (DSME), and Low Latency Deterministic Network (LLDN). For each of them, we provide a detailed description and highlight the main features and possible application domains. Also, we survey the current literature and summarize open research issues

    Improving network formation in IEEE 802.15.4e DSME

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    Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks are becoming attractive also for industrial applications, since recent standardization efforts have introduced significant improvement to reliability and deterministic communication delays. In this context, IEEE 802.15.4e is widely considered the major improvement, introducing many enhancements to the original IEEE 802.15.4 standard aimed at supporting critical applications. Among the new defined MAC protocols, Deterministic and Synchronous Multi-channel Extension (DSME) represents the most suitable option for applications with time-varying requirements. In this paper, an analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4 DSME MAC protocol during network formation is presented. The goal is to study the protocol performance and propose solutions to reduce the network formation time, improving energy and resource efficiency. To carry out the performance evaluation, DSME has been fully implemented in Contiki OS, an actual operating system for sensor nodes. The study has highlighted issues and inefficiencies in the network formation process, allowing to consequently propose effective solutions. In particular, it is proposed a set of guidelines for DSME configuration to the original MAC protocol that are proved to increase significantly the network formation efficiency

    Enhancement of the Contention Access Period for Reducing Energy Consumption of Industrial Internet of Things Based on IPv6

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    Abstract: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an emerging technology in recent years, which is widely utilized for control, manage the manufacturing environment, and monitor production lines in the smart factories. The IPv6 has enabled the use of many IIoT devices, so these devices consume large amounts of energy. Many research efforts were made in this area aimed to improve power consumption and performance. This paper proposed the Contention Access Period Reduction Medium Access Control protocol (CAP Reduction MAC protocol) for reducing the CAP duration size based on IEEE 802.15.4e. The proposed MAC protocol leads to reduce the CAP portion. Thus the number of time slots, which assigned to the sensors will decrease. Moreover, this paper intends to estimate the performance of IIoT devices in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and delay time through an analysis of their respective ways of operation running the Contiki Operating System (OS). To validate the proposed protocol, different experiments are conducted based on the Cooja simulator. The proposed protocol can be reduced the overall energy consumption with up to 64.14 %, decreases the delay by 33.7 %, and increases throughput by 63.0 %

    A Performance-to-Cost Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC With 802.15.4e MAC Modes

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    [EN] The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is one of the widely adopted networking specification for Internet of Things (IoT). It defines several physical layer (PHY) options and medium access control (MAC) sub-layer protocols for interconnection of constrained wireless devices. These devices are usually battery-powered and need to support requirements like low-power consumption and low-data rates. The standard has been revised twice to incorporate new PHY layers and improvements learned from implementations. Research in this direction has been primarily centered around improving the energy consumption of devices. Recently, to meet specific Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements of different industrial applications, the IEEE 802.15.4e amendment was released that focuses on improving reliability, robustness and latency. In this paper, we carry out a performance-to-cost analysis of Deterministic and Synchronous Multi-channel Extension (DSME) and Time-slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) MAC modes of IEEE 802.15.4e with 802.15.4 MAC protocol to analyze the trade-off of choosing a particular MAC mode over others. The parameters considered for performance are throughput and latency, and the cost is quantified in terms of energy. A Markov model has been developed for TSCH MAC mode to compare its energy costs with 802.15.4 MAC. Finally, we present the applicability of different MAC modes to different application scenarios.This work was supported in part by the SERB, DST, Government of India under Grant ECRA/2016/001651.Choudhury, N.; Matam, R.; Mukherjee, M.; Lloret, J. (2020). A Performance-to-Cost Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC With 802.15.4e MAC Modes. IEEE Access. 8:41936-41950. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976654S4193641950

    Worst-Case Bound Analysis for the Time-Critical MAC behaviors of IEEE 802.15.4e

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    13th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems Communication in Automation (WFCS 2017). 31, May to 2, Jun, 2017, Main track. Trondheim, Norway.With an advancement towards the paradigm of Internet of Things (IoT), in which every device will be interconnected and communicating with each other, the field of wireless sensor networks has helped to resolve an ever-growing demand in meeting deadlines and reducing power consumption. Among several standards that provide support for IoT, the recently published IEEE 802.15.4e protocol is specifically designed to meet the QoS requirements of industrial applications. IEEE 802.15.4e provides five Medium-Access Control (MAC) behaviors, including three that target time-critical applications: Deterministic and Synchronous Multichannel Extension (DSME); Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) and Low Latency Deterministic Network (LLDN). However, the standard and the literature do not provide any worst-case bound analysis of these behaviors, thus it is not possible to effectively predict their timing performance in an application and accurately devise a network in accordance to such constraints. This paper fills this gap by contributing network models for the three time-critical MAC behaviors using Network Calculus. These models allow deriving the worst-case performance of the MAC behaviors in terms of delay and buffering requirements. We then complement these results by carrying out a thorough performance analysis of these MAC behaviors by observing the impact of different parameters.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Comunicações sem fios para sistemas de deteção de incêndio de próxima geração

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    A quarta revolução industrial trouxe consigo um dos temas mais investigados atualmente, a Internet das Coisas (IoT). O objetivo geral é interligar o maior número possível de dispositivos no máximo de aplicações. A indústria de alarmes de incêndio está agora a perceber a necessidade de atualizar os seus protocolos de comunicação para acompanhar este novo conceito industrial. A maioria dos sistemas de alarme de incêndio comercializados atualmente são cablados, com protocolos de comunicação antigos. A evolução das tecnologias de comunicação sem fios, trouxe novas funcionalidades que permitem o suporte para aplicações com requisitos críticos de tempo real e de consumo energético. Desta forma, é cada vez mais vantajoso procurar atualizar sistemas deste tipo para tirar proveito da flexibilidade que as comunicações sem fios trazem, uma vez que estas já permitem satisfazer os requisitos desta classe de aplicações. Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar as tecnologias de comunicações sem fios existentes e avaliar a correspondente adequação à implementação de sistemas de alarme de incêndio. Após a escolha da tecnologia IEEE802.15.4e com TSCH MAC behavior, o foco passou para desenvolver uma prova de conceito baseada em CC2650 Launchpads. Para tal, foi necessário estudar e adaptar o sistema operativo Contiki NG para criar uma micro-network para testes de laboratório de forma a avaliar a implementação.The fourth industrial revolution brought with it one of the most researched topics today, the Internet of Things (IoT). Its overall goal is to interconnect as many devices as possible in as many applications as possible. The fire alarm industry is now realizing the need to upgrade their communication protocols to keep up with this new industrial concept. Most fire alarm systems marketed today are wired and use legacy communication protocols. The evolution of wireless communication technologies has brought new features that allow the support for applications with critical real-time and power consumption requirements. Thus, it is becoming increasingly advantageous to seek to upgrade systems of this type to take advantage of the flexibility that wireless communications bring, since it is already possible to guarantee the requirements posed by fire alarm systems. This work aims to explore existing wireless communications and evaluate which ones can be used to support fire alarm systems. After choosing the IEEE802.15.4e technology with TSCH MAC behavior, the focus shifted to developing a proof of concept based on CC2650 Launchpad. To do this, it was necessary to study and adapt the Contiki NG operating system to create a micro-network for laboratory testing in order to verify the correctness and feasibility of the implementation.Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicaçõe

    Low-Power Wireless for the Internet of Things: Standards and Applications: Internet of Things, IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth, Physical layer, Medium Access Control,coexistence, mesh networking, cyber-physical systems, WSN, M2M

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    International audienceThe proliferation of embedded systems, wireless technologies, and Internet protocols have enabled the Internet of Things (IoT) to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world through enabling the monitoring and actuation of the physical world controlled by data processing systems. Wireless technologies, despite their offered convenience, flexibility, low cost, and mobility pose unique challenges such as fading, interference, energy, and security, which must be carefully addressed when using resource-constrained IoT devices. To this end, the efforts of the research community have led to the standardization of several wireless technologies for various types of application domains depending on factors such as reliability, latency, scalability, and energy efficiency. In this paper, we first overview these standard wireless technologies, and we specifically study the MAC and physical layer technologies proposed to address the requirements and challenges of wireless communications. Furthermore, we explain the use of these standards in various application domains, such as smart homes, smart healthcare, industrial automation, and smart cities, and discuss their suitability in satisfying the requirements of these applications. In addition to proposing guidelines to weigh the pros and cons of each standard for an application at hand, we also examine what new strategies can be exploited to overcome existing challenges and support emerging IoT applications

    Impact of mobility on the IoT MAC infrastructure: IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH and LLDN platform

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    Realizing the target of high reliability and availability is a crucial concept in the IoT context. Different types of IoT applications introduce several requirements and obstacles. One of the important aspects degrading network performance is the node mobility inside the network. Without a solid and adaptive mechanism, node mobility can disrupt the network performance due to dissociations from the network. Hence, reliable techniques must be incorporated to tackle the overhead of node movement. In this paper, the overhead of mobility on both IEEE 802.15.4e timeslotted channel hopping (TSCH) and low latency deterministic (LLDN) modes is investigated. These two modes can be considered as the MAC layer of the IoT paradigm because of their importance and resilience to different network obstacles. In addition, the set of metrics and limitations that influence the network survivability will be identified to ensure efficient mobile node handling process. Both TSCH and LLDN have been implemented via the Contiki OS to determine their functionality. TSCH has been demonstrated to have better node connectivity due to the impact of frame collision in LLDN. In addition, by neglecting the overhead of collision, the LLDN has been shown to have better connectivity and low radio duty cycle (RDC)
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