231 research outputs found

    Combining expansion microscopy with other super-resolution techniques

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    Expansion microscopy (ExM) was introduced since 2015 and has been fast developed since then. This technique, via physical enlargement of fluorescence carried biological samples, can resolve structures of tens of nanometers with conventional microscopes. Here I discussed the current methods in ExM and influences of different fixation, protease digestion and labelling methods used in ExM. Validation of ExM was also carried out in the work using image registration of microtubule cytoskeletons and the 190 nm periodic structures of β-spectrin ring structures in neurons. Next, the combination of ExM with other super-resolution techniques, e.g. stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy was proposed. The centrosome protein CEP152, the primary cilium and microtubule were resolved using expansion STED (ExSTED) microscopy. With the optimized ExSTED microscopy, a sub-10 nm 2D and a sub-50 nm 3D resolution was achieved. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was also attempted to image the expanded hydrogels, but severe artifacts were observed. Finally, a tri-functional fluorescent probe was proposed, where a fluorescent dye was linked with a benzyl-guanine and an acrylic acid group. The probe was used to stain a SNAP-tagged nuclear pore protein in cells and used to crosslink proteins to acrylamide-based hydrogel in ExM

    Advanced light-sheet and structured illumination microscopy techniques for neuroscience and disease diagnosis

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    Optical microscopy is a cornerstone of biomedical research. Advances in optical techniques enable specific, high resolution, sterile, and biologically compatible imaging. In particular, beam shaping has been used to tailor microscopy techniques to enhance microscope performance. The aim of this Thesis is to investigate the use of novel beam shaping techniques in emerging optical microscopy methods, and to apply these methods in biomedicine. To overcome the challenges associated with high resolution imaging of large specimens, the use of Airy beams and related techniques are applied to light-sheet microscopy. This approach increases the field-of-view that can be imaged at high resolution by over an order of magnitude compared to standard Gaussian beam based light-sheet microscopy, has reduced phototoxicity, and can be implemented with a low-cost optical system. Advanced implementations show promise for imaging at depth within turbid tissue, in particular for neuroscience. Super-resolution microscopy techniques enhance the spatial resolution of optical methods. Structured illumination microscopy is investigated as an alternative for electron microscopy in disease diagnosis, capable of visualising pathologically relevant features of kidney disease. Separately, compact optical manipulation methods are developed with the aim of adding functionality to super-resolution techniques

    Frontiers of robotic endoscopic capsules: a review

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    Digestive diseases are a major burden for society and healthcare systems, and with an aging population, the importance of their effective management will become critical. Healthcare systems worldwide already struggle to insure quality and affordability of healthcare delivery and this will be a significant challenge in the midterm future. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE), introduced in 2000 by Given Imaging Ltd., is an example of disruptive technology and represents an attractive alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques. WCE overcomes conventional endoscopy enabling inspection of the digestive system without discomfort or the need for sedation. Thus, it has the advantage of encouraging patients to undergo gastrointestinal (GI) tract examinations and of facilitating mass screening programmes. With the integration of further capabilities based on microrobotics, e.g. active locomotion and embedded therapeutic modules, WCE could become the key-technology for GI diagnosis and treatment. This review presents a research update on WCE and describes the state-of-the-art of current endoscopic devices with a focus on research-oriented robotic capsule endoscopes enabled by microsystem technologies. The article also presents a visionary perspective on WCE potential for screening, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures

    4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement: 2023 update

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    Hemodynamic assessment is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. Four-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow imaging (4D Flow CMR) allows comprehensive and accurate assessment of flow in a single acquisition. This consensus paper is an update from the 2015 '4D Flow CMR Consensus Statement'. We elaborate on 4D Flow CMR sequence options and imaging considerations. The document aims to assist centers starting out with 4D Flow CMR of the heart and great vessels with advice on acquisition parameters, post-processing workflows and integration into clinical practice. Furthermore, we define minimum quality assurance and validation standards for clinical centers. We also address the challenges faced in quality assurance and validation in the research setting. We also include a checklist for recommended publication standards, specifically for 4D Flow CMR. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and the future of 4D Flow CMR. This updated consensus paper will further facilitate widespread adoption of 4D Flow CMR in the clinical workflow across the globe and aid consistently high-quality publication standards

    4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement: 2023 update

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    4D Flow MRI; Hemodynamics; RecommendationsRessonància magnètica de flux 4D; Hemodinàmica; RecomanacionsResonancia magnética de flujo 4D; Hemodinámica; RecomendacionesHemodynamic assessment is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. Four-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow imaging (4D Flow CMR) allows comprehensive and accurate assessment of flow in a single acquisition. This consensus paper is an update from the 2015 ‘4D Flow CMR Consensus Statement’. We elaborate on 4D Flow CMR sequence options and imaging considerations. The document aims to assist centers starting out with 4D Flow CMR of the heart and great vessels with advice on acquisition parameters, post-processing workflows and integration into clinical practice. Furthermore, we define minimum quality assurance and validation standards for clinical centers. We also address the challenges faced in quality assurance and validation in the research setting. We also include a checklist for recommended publication standards, specifically for 4D Flow CMR. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and the future of 4D Flow CMR. This updated consensus paper will further facilitate widespread adoption of 4D Flow CMR in the clinical workflow across the globe and aid consistently high-quality publication standards.1R01HL149787-01A1 (S. Schnell, M. Markl), 1R21NS122511-01 (S. Schnell), 1R01CA233878-01 (J.Collins) J.Sotelo thanks to ANID–Millennium Science Initiative Program–ICN2021_004 and FONDECYT de iniciación en investigación #11200481. Dr. Oechtering receives funding from the German Research Foundation (OE 746/1-1)

    Polarized super-resolution fluorescence microscopy

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    While super-resolution microscopy has brought a significant improvement in nano-scale imaging of molecular assemblies in biological media, its extension to imaging molecular orientation using fluorescence anisotropy has not yet been fully explored. Providing orientational order information at the nano-scale would be of considerable interest for the understanding of biological functions since they are intrinsically related to structural fundamental processes such as in protein clustering in cell membranes, supra-molecular polymerization or aggregation. In this thesis, we propose a super-resolution polarization-resolved microscopy technique able to image molecular orientation behaviors in static and dynamic environments, in order to report structural information at the single molecule level and at nanometric spatial scale. Using direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM) in combination with polarized detection, fluorescence anisotropy images are reconstructed at a spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. We analyze numerically the principle of the method in combination with models for orientational order mechanisms, and provide conditions for which this information can be retrieved with high precision in biological samples based on fibrillar structures. Finally, we propose an alternative technique based on stochastic fluctuations of single molecules: polarized super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (polar-SOFI), and compare this approach with the previous one in terms of information gained and spatial resolution. We illustrate both techniques on molecular order imaging in actin stress fibers and tubulin fibers in fixed cells, DNA fibers and insulin amyloid fibrils.La microscopía de súper resolución ha aportado una mejora significativa en la imagen, a escala nanométrica, de ensambles moleculares en medios biológicos. Sin embargo, su extensión, mediante la utilización de la anisotropía de fluorescencia para la obtención de imágenes de orientación molecular, aún no ha sido explorada a fondo. El proporcionar información sobre la orientación molecular a escala nanométrica es de gran interés para la comprensión de las funciones biológicas. Esta información está intrínsecamente relacionada con la estructura de los ensamblajes de proteínas en las membranas celulares, la polimerización y la agregación supra molecular, entre otros. En esta tesis, proponemos una técnica de microscopía de luz polarizada de súper resolución, la cual permite visualizar el comportamiento de la orientación molecular en ambientes dinámicos y estáticos. El objetivo final es el de poder reportar información estructural a nivel de molécula única y escala espacial nanométrica. Utilizando microscopía de reconstrucción óptica estocástica (dSTORM) en combinación con detección polarizada, las imágenes de anisotropía de fluorescencia son reconstruidas con una resolución espacial de varias decenas de nanómetros. Además, el principio del método ha sido validado numéricamente en combinación con modelos de mecanismos de orientación molecular y delimitando las condiciones en que esta información se puede obtener con una precisión alta en muestras biológicas, principalmente en estructuras fibrilares. Así también, se propone una técnica alternativa basada en la emisión de fluctuaciones estocásticas de moléculas individuales: imagen de polarización con súper resolución de fluctuaciones (polar-SOFI). Además comparamos esta técnica con la anterior, en términos de la información obtenida y la resolución espacial. Finalmente, ilustramos ambas técnicas para la obtención de imágenes del orden molecular de fibras de estrés de actina y tubulina en células fijas, fibras de ADN y fibrillas de insulina amiloide.Alors que la microscopie super-résolue a apporté une amélioration considérable en imagerie des assemblages moléculaires dans les milieux biologiques à l'échelle nanométrique, son extension à l'imagerie de l'orientation moléculaire, utilisant l'anisotropie de fluorescence, n'a pas encore été complètement explorée. Apporter une information sur l'orientation moléculaire à l'échelle nanométrique aurait un intérêt considérable pour la compréhension des functions biologiques, puisque celles-ci sont fortement reliée à la structure des assemblages de prot éines dans les membranes cellulaires, la polymérisation ou l'aggrégation supramol éculaire par exemple. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une technique de microscopie super-résolution résolue en polarisation, capable d'imager les comportements d'orientation moléculaire dans des environnements statiques et dynamiques, dans le but de rapporter une information structurale à l'échelle de la molécule unique et à des échelles spatiales nanométriques. En utilisant la microscopie par reconstruction stochastique (dSTORM) en combinaison avec une détection polarisée, des images d'anisotropie de fluorescence sont reconstruites avec une résolution spatiale de quelques dizaines de nanomètres. Nous analysons numériquement le principe de la méthode en combinaison avec des modèles des mécanismes d'orientation moléculaire, et donnons les conditions auxquelles cette information peut être obtenue avec une grande précision dans des échantillons biologiques basés sur des structures fibrillaires. Enfin, nous proposons une technique alternative basée sur l'émission de molécules uniques en fluctuations stochastiques: l'imagerie super-résolue polarisée par fluctuations (polar-SOFI), et comparons cette approche avec la précédente en terme d'information gagnée et de résolution spatiale. Nous illustrons les deux techniques pour l'imagerie de l'ordre moléculaire dans des fibres de stress d'actin et de tubuline dans des cellules fixées, des fibres d'ADN et des fibrilles d'amyloid à base d'insuline

    Automated retinal layer segmentation and pre-apoptotic monitoring for three-dimensional optical coherence tomography

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    The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop segmentation algorithm adapted and optimized to retinal OCT data that will provide objective 3D layer thickness which might be used to improve diagnosis and monitoring of retinal pathologies. Additionally, a 3D stack registration method was produced by modifying an existing algorithm. A related project was to develop a pre-apoptotic retinal monitoring based on the changes in texture parameters of the OCT scans in order to enable treatment before the changes become irreversible; apoptosis refers to the programmed cell death that can occur in retinal tissue and lead to blindness. These issues can be critical for the examination of tissues within the central nervous system. A novel statistical model for segmentation has been created and successfully applied to a large data set. A broad range of future research possibilities into advanced pathologies has been created by the results obtained. A separate model has been created for choroid segmentation located deep in retina, as the appearance of choroid is very different from the top retinal layers. Choroid thickness and structure is an important index of various pathologies (diabetes etc.). As part of the pre-apoptotic monitoring project it was shown that an increase in proportion of apoptotic cells in vitro can be accurately quantified. Moreover, the data obtained indicates a similar increase in neuronal scatter in retinal explants following axotomy (removal of retinas from the eye), suggesting that UHR-OCT can be a novel non-invasive technique for the in vivo assessment of neuronal health. Additionally, an independent project within the computer science department in collaboration with the school of psychology has been successfully carried out, improving analysis of facial dynamics and behaviour transfer between individuals. Also, important improvements to a general signal processing algorithm, dynamic time warping (DTW), have been made, allowing potential application in a broad signal processing field.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

    Automated retinal layer segmentation and pre-apoptotic monitoring for three-dimensional optical coherence tomography

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    The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop segmentation algorithm adapted and optimized to retinal OCT data that will provide objective 3D layer thickness which might be used to improve diagnosis and monitoring of retinal pathologies. Additionally, a 3D stack registration method was produced by modifying an existing algorithm. A related project was to develop a pre-apoptotic retinal monitoring based on the changes in texture parameters of the OCT scans in order to enable treatment before the changes become irreversible; apoptosis refers to the programmed cell death that can occur in retinal tissue and lead to blindness. These issues can be critical for the examination of tissues within the central nervous system. A novel statistical model for segmentation has been created and successfully applied to a large data set. A broad range of future research possibilities into advanced pathologies has been created by the results obtained. A separate model has been created for choroid segmentation located deep in retina, as the appearance of choroid is very different from the top retinal layers. Choroid thickness and structure is an important index of various pathologies (diabetes etc.). As part of the pre-apoptotic monitoring project it was shown that an increase in proportion of apoptotic cells in vitro can be accurately quantified. Moreover, the data obtained indicates a similar increase in neuronal scatter in retinal explants following axotomy (removal of retinas from the eye), suggesting that UHR-OCT can be a novel non-invasive technique for the in vivo assessment of neuronal health. Additionally, an independent project within the computer science department in collaboration with the school of psychology has been successfully carried out, improving analysis of facial dynamics and behaviour transfer between individuals. Also, important improvements to a general signal processing algorithm, dynamic time warping (DTW), have been made, allowing potential application in a broad signal processing field
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