Estimation and detection techniques for doubly-selective channels in wireless communications

A fundamental problem in communications is the estimation of the channel. The signal transmitted through a communications channel undergoes distortions so that it is often received in an unrecognizable form at the receiver. The receiver must expend significant signal processing effort in order to be able to decode the transmit signal from this received signal. This signal processing requires knowledge of how the channel distorts the transmit signal, i.e. channel knowledge. To maintain a reliable link, the channel must be estimated and tracked by the receiver. The estimation of the channel at the receiver often proceeds by transmission of a signal called the 'pilot' which is known a priori to the receiver. The receiver forms its estimate of the transmitted signal based on how this known signal is distorted by the channel, i.e. it estimates the channel from the received signal and the pilot. This design of the pilot is a function of the modulation, the type of training and the channel. [Continues.

Expanding Dimensionality in Cinema Color: Impacting Observer Metamerism through Multiprimary Display

Television and cinema display are both trending towards greater ranges and saturation of reproduced colors made possible by near-monochromatic RGB illumination technologies. Through current broadcast and digital cinema standards work, system designs employing laser light sources, narrow-band LED, quantum dots and others are being actively endorsed in promotion of Wide Color Gamut (WCG). Despite artistic benefits brought to creative content producers, spectrally selective excitations of naturally different human color response functions exacerbate variability of observer experience. An exaggerated variation in color-sensing is explicitly counter to the exhaustive controls and calibrations employed in modern motion picture pipelines. Further, singular standard observer summaries of human color vision such as found in the CIE’s 1931 and 1964 color matching functions and used extensively in motion picture color management are deficient in recognizing expected human vision variability. Many researchers have confirmed the magnitude of observer metamerism in color matching in both uniform colors and imagery but few have shown explicit color management with an aim of minimized difference in observer perception variability. This research shows that not only can observer metamerism influences be quantitatively predicted and confirmed psychophysically but that intentionally engineered multiprimary displays employing more than three primaries can offer increased color gamut with drastically improved consistency of experience. To this end, a seven-channel prototype display has been constructed based on observer metamerism models and color difference indices derived from the latest color vision demographic research. This display has been further proven in forced-choice paired comparison tests to deliver superior color matching to reference stimuli versus both contemporary standard RGB cinema projection and recently ratified standard laser projection across a large population of color-normal observers

Development of Some Spatial-domain Preprocessing and Post-processing Algorithms for Better 2-D Up-scaling

Image super-resolution is an area of great interest in recent years and is extensively used in applications like video streaming, multimedia, internet technologies, consumer electronics, display and printing industries. Image super-resolution is a process of increasing the resolution of a given image without losing its integrity. Its most common application is to provide better visual effect after resizing a digital image for display or printing. One of the methods of improving the image resolution is through the employment of a 2-D interpolation. An up-scaled image should retain all the image details with very less degree of blurring meant for better visual quality. In literature, many efficient 2-D interpolation schemes are found that well preserve the image details in the up-scaled images; particularly at the regions with edges and fine details. Nevertheless, these existing interpolation schemes too give blurring effect in the up-scaled images due to the high frequency (HF) degradation during the up-sampling process. Hence, there is a scope to further improve their performance through the incorporation of various spatial domain pre-processing, post-processing and composite algorithms. Therefore, it is felt that there is sufficient scope to develop various efficient but simple pre-processing, post-processing and composite schemes to effectively restore the HF contents in the up-scaled images for various online and off-line applications. An efficient and widely used Lanczos-3 interpolation is taken for further performance improvement through the incorporation of various proposed algorithms. The various pre-processing algorithms developed in this thesis are summarized here. The term pre-processing refers to processing the low-resolution input image prior to image up-scaling. The various pre-processing algorithms proposed in this thesis are: Laplacian of Laplacian based global pre-processing (LLGP) scheme; Hybrid global pre-processing (HGP); Iterative Laplacian of Laplacian based global pre-processing (ILLGP); Unsharp masking based pre-processing (UMP); Iterative unsharp masking (IUM); Error based up-sampling(EU) scheme. The proposed algorithms: LLGP, HGP and ILLGP are three spatial domain preprocessing algorithms which are based on 4th, 6th and 8th order derivatives to alleviate nonuniform blurring in up-scaled images. These algorithms are used to obtain the high frequency (HF) extracts from an image by employing higher order derivatives and perform precise sharpening on a low resolution image to alleviate the blurring in its 2-D up-sampled counterpart. In case of unsharp masking based pre-processing (UMP) scheme, the blurred version of a low resolution image is used for HF extraction from the original version through image subtraction. The weighted version of the HF extracts are superimposed with the original image to produce a sharpened image prior to image up-scaling to counter blurring effectively. IUM makes use of many iterations to generate an unsharp mask which contains very high frequency (VHF) components. The VHF extract is the result of signal decomposition in terms of sub-bands using the concept of analysis filter bank. Since the degradation of VHF components is maximum, restoration of such components would produce much better restoration performance. EU is another pre-processing scheme in which the HF degradation due to image upscaling is extracted and is called prediction error. The prediction error contains the lost high frequency components. When this error is superimposed on the low resolution image prior to image up-sampling, blurring is considerably reduced in the up-scaled images. Various post-processing algorithms developed in this thesis are summarized in following. The term post-processing refers to processing the high resolution up-scaled image. The various post-processing algorithms proposed in this thesis are: Local adaptive Laplacian (LAL); Fuzzy weighted Laplacian (FWL); Legendre functional link artificial neural network(LFLANN). LAL is a non-fuzzy, local based scheme. The local regions of an up-scaled image with high variance are sharpened more than the region with moderate or low variance by employing a local adaptive Laplacian kernel. The weights of the LAL kernel are varied as per the normalized local variance so as to provide more degree of HF enhancement to high variance regions than the low variance counterpart to effectively counter the non-uniform blurring. Furthermore, FWL post-processing scheme with a higher degree of non-linearity is proposed to further improve the performance of LAL. FWL, being a fuzzy based mapping scheme, is highly nonlinear to resolve the blurring problem more effectively than LAL which employs a linear mapping. Another LFLANN based post-processing scheme is proposed here to minimize the cost function so as to reduce the blurring in a 2-D up-scaled image. Legendre polynomials are used for functional expansion of the input pattern-vector and provide high degree of nonlinearity. Therefore, the requirement of multiple layers can be replaced by single layer LFLANN architecture so as to reduce the cost function effectively for better restoration performance. With single layer architecture, it has reduced the computational complexity and hence is suitable for various real-time applications. There is a scope of further improvement of the stand-alone pre-processing and postprocessing schemes by combining them through composite schemes. Here, two spatial domain composite schemes, CS-I and CS-II are proposed to tackle non-uniform blurring in an up-scaled image. CS-I is developed by combining global iterative Laplacian (GIL) preprocessing scheme with LAL post-processing scheme. Another highly nonlinear composite scheme, CS-II is proposed which combines ILLGP scheme with a fuzzy weighted Laplacian post-processing scheme for more improved performance than the stand-alone schemes. Finally, it is observed that the proposed algorithms: ILLGP, IUM, FWL, LFLANN and CS-II are better algorithms in their respective categories for effectively reducing blurring in the up-scaled images

Addressing preferred orientation in single-particle cryo-EM through AI-generated auxiliary particles

The single-particle cryo-EM field faces the persistent challenge of preferred orientation, lacking general computational solutions. We introduce cryoPROS, an AI-based approach designed to address the above issue. By generating the auxiliary particles with a conditional deep generative model, cryoPROS addresses the intrinsic bias in orientation estimation for the observed particles. We effectively employed cryoPROS in the cryo-EM single particle analysis of the hemagglutinin trimer, showing the ability to restore the near-atomic resolution structure on non-tilt data. Moreover, the enhanced version named cryoPROS-MP significantly improves the resolution of the membrane protein NaX using the no-tilted data that contains the effects of micelles. Compared to the classical approaches, cryoPROS does not need special experimental or image acquisition techniques, providing a purely computational yet effective solution for the preferred orientation problem. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments that establish the low risk of model bias and the high robustness of cryoPROS

Single-Frequency Network Terrestrial Broadcasting with 5GNR Numerology

L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen