6,132 research outputs found
On Green Energy Powered Cognitive Radio Networks
Green energy powered cognitive radio (CR) network is capable of liberating
the wireless access networks from spectral and energy constraints. The
limitation of the spectrum is alleviated by exploiting cognitive networking in
which wireless nodes sense and utilize the spare spectrum for data
communications, while dependence on the traditional unsustainable energy is
assuaged by adopting energy harvesting (EH) through which green energy can be
harnessed to power wireless networks. Green energy powered CR increases the
network availability and thus extends emerging network applications. Designing
green CR networks is challenging. It requires not only the optimization of
dynamic spectrum access but also the optimal utilization of green energy. This
paper surveys the energy efficient cognitive radio techniques and the
optimization of green energy powered wireless networks. Existing works on
energy aware spectrum sensing, management, and sharing are investigated in
detail. The state of the art of the energy efficient CR based wireless access
network is discussed in various aspects such as relay and cooperative radio and
small cells. Envisioning green energy as an important energy resource in the
future, network performance highly depends on the dynamics of the available
spectrum and green energy. As compared with the traditional energy source, the
arrival rate of green energy, which highly depends on the environment of the
energy harvesters, is rather random and intermittent. To optimize and adapt the
usage of green energy according to the opportunistic spectrum availability, we
discuss research challenges in designing cognitive radio networks which are
powered by energy harvesters
Intelligent Wireless Communications Enabled by Cognitive Radio and Machine Learning
The ability to intelligently utilize resources to meet the need of growing
diversity in services and user behavior marks the future of wireless
communication systems. Intelligent wireless communications aims at enabling the
system to perceive and assess the available resources, to autonomously learn to
adapt to the perceived wireless environment, and to reconfigure its operating
mode to maximize the utility of the available resources. The perception
capability and reconfigurability are the essential features of cognitive radio
while modern machine learning techniques project great potential in system
adaptation. In this paper, we discuss the development of the cognitive radio
technology and machine learning techniques and emphasize their roles in
improving spectrum and energy utility of wireless communication systems. We
describe the state-of-the-art of relevant techniques, covering spectrum sensing
and access approaches and powerful machine learning algorithms that enable
spectrum- and energy-efficient communications in dynamic wireless environments.
We also present practical applications of these techniques and identify further
research challenges in cognitive radio and machine learning as applied to the
existing and future wireless communication systems
Green Cellular Networks: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges
Energy efficiency in cellular networks is a growing concern for cellular
operators to not only maintain profitability, but also to reduce the overall
environment effects. This emerging trend of achieving energy efficiency in
cellular networks is motivating the standardization authorities and network
operators to continuously explore future technologies in order to bring
improvements in the entire network infrastructure. In this article, we present
a brief survey of methods to improve the power efficiency of cellular networks,
explore some research issues and challenges and suggest some techniques to
enable an energy efficient or "green" cellular network. Since base stations
consume a maximum portion of the total energy used in a cellular system, we
will first provide a comprehensive survey on techniques to obtain energy
savings in base stations. Next, we discuss how heterogeneous network deployment
based on micro, pico and femto-cells can be used to achieve this goal. Since
cognitive radio and cooperative relaying are undisputed future technologies in
this regard, we propose a research vision to make these technologies more
energy efficient. Lastly, we explore some broader perspectives in realizing a
"green" cellular network technologyComment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 2 table
Energy-Efficient Power Allocation in Cognitive Radio Systems with Imperfect Spectrum Sensing
This paper studies energy-efficient power allocation schemes for secondary
users in sensing-based spectrum sharing cognitive radio systems. It is assumed
that secondary users first perform channel sensing possibly with errors and
then initiate data transmission with different power levels based on sensing
decisions. The circuit power is taken into account in total power consumption.
In this setting, the optimization problem is to maximize energy efficiency (EE)
subject to peak/average transmission power constraints and peak/average
interference constraints. By exploiting quasiconcave property of EE
maximization problem, the original problem is transformed into an equivalent
parameterized concave problem and an iterative power allocation algorithm based
on Dinkelbach's method is proposed. The optimal power levels are identified in
the presence of different levels of channel side information (CSI) regarding
the transmission and interference links at the secondary transmitter, namely
perfect CSI of both transmission and interference links, perfect CSI of the
transmission link and imperfect CSI of the interference link, imperfect CSI of
both links or only statistical CSI of both links. Through numerical results,
the impact of sensing performance, different types of CSI availability, and
transmit and interference power constraints on the EE of the secondary users is
analyzed
Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff for Superior Selective Reporting-based Spectrum Sensing in Energy Harvesting HCRNs
In this paper, we investigate the performance of conventional cooperative
sensing (CCS) and superior selective reporting (SSR)-based cooperative sensing
in an energy harvesting-enabled heterogeneous cognitive radio network (HCRN).
In particular, we derive expressions for the achievable throughput of both
schemes and formulate nonlinear integer programming problems, in order to find
the throughput-optimal set of spectrum sensors scheduled to sense a particular
channel, given primary user (PU) interference and energy harvesting
constraints. Furthermore, we present novel solutions for the underlying
optimization problems based on the cross-entropy (CE) method, and compare the
performance with exhaustive search and greedy algorithms. Finally, we discuss
the tradeoff between the average achievable throughput of the SSR and CCS
schemes, and highlight the regime where the SSR scheme outperforms the CCS
scheme. Notably, we show that there is an inherent tradeoff between the channel
available time and the detection accuracy. Our numerical results show that, as
the number of spectrum sensors increases, the channel available time gains a
higher priority in an HCRN, as opposed to detection accuracy
Probability Density Function Estimation in OFDM Transmitter and Receiver in Radio Cognitive Networks based on Recurrent Neural Network
The most important problem in telecommunication is bandwidth limitation due
to the uncontrolled growth of wireless technology. Deploying dynamic spectrum
access techniques is one of the procedures provided for efficient use of
bandwidth. In recent years, cognitive radio network introduced as a tool for
efficient use of spectrum. These radios are able to use radio resources by
recognizing surroundings via sensors and signal operations that means use these
resources only when authorized users do not use their spectrum. Secondary users
are unauthorized ones that must avoid from interferences with primary users
transmission. Secondary users must leave channel due to preventing damages to
primary users whenever these users discretion. In this article, spectrum
opportunities prediction based on Recurrent Neural Network for bandwidth
optimization and reducing the amount of energy by predicting spectrum holes
discovery for quality of services optimization proposed in OFDM-based cognitive
radio network based on probability density function. The result of the
simulation represent acceptable value of SNR and bandwidth optimization in
these networks that allows secondary users to taking spectrum and sending data
without collision and overlapping with primary users.Comment: OFDM, Cognitive Radio Networks, Recurrent Neural Network, Probability
Density Functio
Directional Relays for Multi-Hop Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks
In this paper, we investigate power allocation and beamforming in a relay assisted cognitive radio (CR) network. Our objective is to maximize the performance of the CR network while limiting interference in the direction of the primary users (PUs). In order to achieve these goals, we first consider joint power allocation and beamforming for cognitive nodes in direct links. Then, we propose an optimal power allocation strategy for relay nodes in indirect transmissions. Unlike the conventional cooperative relaying networks, the applied relays are equipped with directional antennas to further reduce the interference to PUs and meet the CR network requirements. The proposed approach employs genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the optimization problems. Numerical simulation results illustrate the quality of service (QoS) satisfaction in both primary and secondary networks. These results also show that notable improvements are achieved in the system performance if the conventional omni-directional relays are replaced with directional ones
Energy-Efficient Power Loading for OFDM-based Cognitive Radio Systems with Channel Uncertainties
In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to optimize the energy-efficiency
(EE) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based cognitive radio
systems under channel uncertainties. We formulate an optimization problem that
guarantees a minimum required rate and a specified power budget for the
secondary user (SU), while restricting the interference to primary users (PUs)
in a statistical manner. The optimization problem is non-convex and it is
transformed to an equivalent problem using the concept of fractional
programming. Unlike all related works in the literature, we consider the effect
of imperfect channel-stateinformation (CSI) on the links between the SU
transmitter and receiver pairs and we additionally consider the effect of
limited sensing capabilities of the SU. Since the interference constraints are
met statistically, the SU transmitter does not require perfect CSI feedback
from the PUs receivers. Simulation results sho w that the EE deteriorates as
the channel estimation error increases. Comparisons with relevant works from
the literature show that the interference thresholds at the PUs receivers can
be severely exceeded and the EE is slightly deteriorated if the SU does no t
account for spectrum sensing errors.Comment: TV
Spectrum Sensing Techniques For Cognitive Radio Networks
In this chapter, we present the state of the art of the spectrum sensing
techniques for cognitive radio networks as well and their comparisons. The rest
of the chapter is organized as below: Section I.1, Section I.2, and Section I.3
present the spectrum management problem and the cognitive radio cycle as well
as the compressive sensing solution; Section II.1 describes the spectrum
sensing model; Section II.2 presents the existing spectrum sensing techniques,
including energy, autocorrelation, Euclidian distance, wavelet, and matched
filter based sensing. Finally, a conclusion is given at the end of the chapter
Cross-layer Design in Cognitive Radio Standards
The growing demand for wireless applications and services on the one hand,
and limited available radio spectrum on the other hand have made cognitive
radio (CR) a promising solution for future mobile networks. It has attracted
considerable attention by academia and industry since its introduction in 1999
and several relevant standards have been developed within the last decade.
Cognitive radio is based on four main functions, spanning across more than one
layer of OSI model. Therefore, solutions based on cognitive radio technology
require cross layer (CL) designs for optimum performance. This article briefly
reviews the basics of cognitive radio technology as an introduction and
highlights the need for cross layer design in systems deploying CR technology.
Then some of the published standards with CL characteristics are outlined in a
later section, and in the final section some research examples of cross layer
design ideas based on the existing CR standards conclude this article
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