160 research outputs found
A survey on subjecting electronic product code and non-ID objects to IP identification
Over the last decade, both research on the Internet of Things (IoT) and
real-world IoT applications have grown exponentially. The IoT provides us with
smarter cities, intelligent homes, and generally more comfortable lives.
However, the introduction of these devices has led to several new challenges
that must be addressed. One of the critical challenges facing interacting with
IoT devices is to address billions of devices (things) around the world,
including computers, tablets, smartphones, wearable devices, sensors, and
embedded computers, and so on. This article provides a survey on subjecting
Electronic Product Code and non-ID objects to IP identification for IoT
devices, including their advantages and disadvantages thereof. Different
metrics are here proposed and used for evaluating these methods. In particular,
the main methods are evaluated in terms of their: (i) computational overhead,
(ii) scalability, (iii) adaptability, (iv) implementation cost, and (v) whether
applicable to already ID-based objects and presented in tabular format.
Finally, the article proves that this field of research will still be ongoing,
but any new technique must favorably offer the mentioned five evaluative
parameters.Comment: 112 references, 8 figures, 6 tables, Journal of Engineering Reports,
Wiley, 2020 (Open Access
A critical analysis of research potential, challenges and future directives in industrial wireless sensor networks
In recent years, Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. The paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. The paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs
Review of Optimization Problems in Wireless Sensor Networks
International audienc
Information and resource management systems for Internet of Things: Energy management, communication protocols and future applications
The idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled
the objects of our surroundings to intercommunicate with each
other in diverse working environments by utilizing their embedded
architectural and communication technologies. IoT has
provided humans the capability to manipulate the operations
and data available from different information systems using these
intelligent objects available in the surroundings. The scope of IoT
is to serve humanity across different domains of life covering industrial,
health, home and day-to-day operations of Information
Systems (IS). Due to the huge number of heterogeneous network
elements interacting and working under IoT based information
systems, there is an enormous need for resource management
for the smooth running of IoT operations. The key aspect in
IoT implementations is to have resource-constrained embedded
devices and objects participating in IoT operations. It is important
to meet the challenges raised during management and
sharing of resources in IoT based information systems. Managing
resources by implementing protocols, algorithms and techniques
are required to enhance the scalability, reliability and stability in
IoT operations across different fields of technology. This special
issue opens the new areas of interest for the researchers in the
domain of resource management in IoT operations
A Survey and Future Directions on Clustering: From WSNs to IoT and Modern Networking Paradigms
Many Internet of Things (IoT) networks are created as an overlay over traditional ad-hoc networks such as Zigbee. Moreover, IoT networks can resemble ad-hoc networks over networks that support device-to-device (D2D) communication, e.g., D2D-enabled cellular networks and WiFi-Direct. In these ad-hoc types of IoT networks, efficient topology management is a crucial requirement, and in particular in massive scale deployments. Traditionally, clustering has been recognized as a common approach for topology management in ad-hoc networks, e.g., in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Topology management in WSNs and ad-hoc IoT networks has many design commonalities as both need to transfer data to the destination hop by hop. Thus, WSN clustering techniques can presumably be applied for topology management in ad-hoc IoT networks. This requires a comprehensive study on WSN clustering techniques and investigating their applicability to ad-hoc IoT networks. In this article, we conduct a survey of this field based on the objectives for clustering, such as reducing energy consumption and load balancing, as well as the network properties relevant for efficient clustering in IoT, such as network heterogeneity and mobility. Beyond that, we investigate the advantages and challenges of clustering when IoT is integrated with modern computing and communication technologies such as Blockchain, Fog/Edge computing, and 5G. This survey provides useful insights into research on IoT clustering, allows broader understanding of its design challenges for IoT networks, and sheds light on its future applications in modern technologies integrated with IoT.acceptedVersio
From MANET to people-centric networking: Milestones and open research challenges
In this paper, we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multi-hop ad hoc networking with the aim to present the current status of the research activities and identify the consolidated research areas, with limited research opportunities, and the hot and emerging research areas for which further research is required. We start by briefly discussing the MANET paradigm, and why the research on MANET protocols is now a cold research topic. Then we analyze the active research areas. Specifically, after discussing the wireless-network technologies, we analyze four successful ad hoc networking paradigms, mesh networks, opportunistic networks, vehicular networks, and sensor networks that emerged from the MANET world. We also present an emerging research direction in the multi-hop ad hoc networking field: people centric networking, triggered by the increasing penetration of the smartphones in everyday life, which is generating a people-centric revolution in computing and communications
Integrating wireless technologies into intra-vehicular communication
With the emergence of connected and autonomous vehicles, sensors are increasingly deployed within car. Traffic generated by these sensors congest traditional intra-vehicular networks, such as CAN buses. Furthermore, the large amount of wires needed to connect sensors makes it hard to design cars in a modular way. These limitations have created impetus to use wireless technologies to support intra-vehicular communication. In this dissertation, we tackle the challenge of designing and evaluating data collection protocols for intra-car networks that can operate reliably and efficiently under dynamic channel conditions.
First, we evaluate the feasibility of deploying an intra-car wireless network based on the Backpressure Collection Protocol (BCP), which is theoretically proven to be throughput-optimal.
We uncover a surprising behavior in which, under certain dynamic channel conditions, the average packet delay of BCP decreases with the traffic load. We propose and analyze a queueing-theoretic model to shed light into the observed phenomenon. As a solution, we propose a new protocol, called replication-based LIFO-backpressure (RBL). Analytical and simulation results indicate that RBL dramatically reduces the delay of BCP at low load, while maintaining its high throughput performance.
Next, we propose and implement a hybrid wired/wireless architecture, in which each node is connected to either a wired interface or a wireless interface or both. We propose a new protocol, called Hybrid-Backpressure Collection Protocol (Hybrid-BCP), for the intra-car hybrid networks. Our testbed implementation, based on CAN and ZigBee transceivers, demonstrates the load balancing and routing functionalities of Hybrid-BCP and its resilience to DoS attacks. We further provide simulation results, obtained based on real intra-car RSSI traces, showing that Hybrid-BCP can achieve the same performance as a tree-based protocol while reducing the radio transmission power by a factor of 10.
Finally, we present TeaCP, a prototype Toolkit for the evaluation and analysis of Collection Protocols in both simulation and experimental environments. TeaCP evaluates a wide range of standard performance metrics, such as reliability, throughput, and latency. TeaCP further allows visualization of routes and network topology evolution. Through simulation of an intra-car WSN and real lab experiments, we demonstrate the functionality of TeaCP for comparing different collection protocols
Routing and Mobility on IPv6 over LoWPAN
The IoT means a world-wide network of interconnected objects based on standard communication
protocols. An object in this context is a quotidian physical device augmented with
sensing/actuating, processing, storing and communication capabilities. These objects must be
able to interact with the surrounding environment where they are placed and to cooperate with
neighbouring objects in order to accomplish a common objective. The IoT objects have also the
capabilities of converting the sensed data into automated instructions and communicating them
to other objects through the communication networks, avoiding the human intervention in several
tasks. Most of IoT deployments are based on small devices with restricted computational
resources and energy constraints. For this reason, initially the scientific community did not
consider the use of IP protocol suite in this scenarios because there was the perception that it
was too heavy to the available resources on such devices. Meanwhile, the scientific community
and the industry started to rethink about the use of IP protocol suite in all IoT devices and now
it is considered as the solution to provide connectivity between the IoT devices, independently
of the Layer 2 protocol in use, and to connect them to the Internet. Despite the use of IP suite
protocol in all devices and the amount of solutions proposed, many open issues remain unsolved
in order to reach a seamless integration between the IoT and the Internet and to provide the
conditions to IoT service widespread. This thesis addressed the challenges associated with the
interconnectivity between the Internet and the IoT devices and with the security aspects of
the IoT. In the interconnectivity between the IoT devices and the Internet the problem is how
to provide valuable information to the Internet connected devices, independently of the supported
IP protocol version, without being necessary accessed directly to the IoT nodes. In order
to solve this problem, solutions based on Representational state transfer (REST) web services
and IPv4 to IPv6 dual stack transition mechanism were proposed and evaluated. The REST web
service and the transition mechanism runs only at the border router without penalizing the IoT
constrained devices. The mitigation of the effects of internal and external security attacks
minimizing the overhead imposed on the IoT devices is the security challenge addressed in this
thesis. Three different solutions were proposed. The first is a mechanism to prevent remotely
initiated transport level Denial of Service attacks that avoids the use of inefficient and hard to
manage traditional firewalls. It is based on filtering at the border router the traffic received
from the Internet and destined to the IoT network according to the conditions announced by
each IoT device. The second is a network access security framework that can be used to control
the nodes that have access to the network, based on administrative approval, and to enforce
security compliance to the authorized nodes. The third is a network admission control framework
that prevents IoT unauthorized nodes to communicate with IoT authorized nodes or with
the Internet, which drastically reduces the number of possible security attacks. The network
admission control was also exploited as a management mechanism as it can be used to manage
the network size in terms of number of nodes, making the network more manageable, increasing
its reliability and extending its lifetime.A IoT (Internet of Things) tem suscitado o interesse tanto da comunidade académica como
da indústria, uma vez que os campos de aplicação são inúmeros assim como os potenciais ganhos
que podem ser obtidos através do uso deste tipo de tecnologia. A IoT significa uma rede
global de objetos ligados entre si através de uma rede de comunicações baseada em protocolos
standard. Neste contexto, um objeto é um objeto físico do dia a dia ao qual foi adicionada a
capacidade de medir e de atuar sobre variáveis físicas, de processar e armazenar dados e de
comunicar. Estes objetos têm a capacidade de interagir com o meio ambiente envolvente e de
cooperar com outros objetos vizinhos de forma a atingirem um objetivo comum. Estes objetos
também têm a capacidade de converter os dados lidos em instruções e de as comunicar a outros
objetos através da rede de comunicações, evitando desta forma a intervenção humana em
diversas tarefas. A maior parte das concretizações de sistemas IoT são baseados em pequenos
dispositivos autónomos com restrições ao nível dos recursos computacionais e de retenção de
energia. Por esta razão, inicialmente a comunidade científica não considerou adequado o uso
da pilha protocolar IP neste tipo de dispositivos, uma vez que havia a perceção de que era muito
pesada para os recursos computacionais disponíveis. Entretanto, a comunidade científica e a
indústria retomaram a discussão acerca dos benefícios do uso da pilha protocolar em todos os
dispositivos da IoT e atualmente é considerada a solução para estabelecer a conetividade entre
os dispositivos IoT independentemente do protocolo da camada dois em uso e para os ligar à
Internet. Apesar do uso da pilha protocolar IP em todos os dispositivos e da quantidade de
soluções propostas, são vários os problemas por resolver no que concerne à integração contínua
e sem interrupções da IoT na Internet e de criar as condições para a adoção generalizada deste
tipo de tecnologias.
Esta tese versa sobre os desafios associados à integração da IoT na Internet e dos aspetos de
segurança da IoT. Relativamente à integração da IoT na Internet o problema é como fornecer
informação válida aos dispositivos ligados à Internet, independentemente da versão do protocolo
IP em uso, evitando o acesso direto aos dispositivos IoT. Para a resolução deste problema foram
propostas e avaliadas soluções baseadas em web services REST e em mecanismos de transição
IPv4 para IPv6 do tipo pilha dupla (dual stack). O web service e o mecanismo de transição são
suportados apenas no router de fronteira, sem penalizar os dispositivos IoT. No que concerne
à segurança, o problema é mitigar os efeitos dos ataques de segurança internos e externos
iniciados local e remotamente. Foram propostas três soluções diferentes, a primeira é um
mecanismo que minimiza os efeitos dos ataques de negação de serviço com origem na Internet e
que evita o uso de mecanismos de firewalls ineficientes e de gestão complexa. Este mecanismo
filtra no router de fronteira o tráfego com origem na Internet é destinado à IoT de acordo
com as condições anunciadas por cada um dos dispositivos IoT da rede. A segunda solução,
é uma framework de network admission control que controla quais os dispositivos que podem
aceder à rede com base na autorização administrativa e que aplica políticas de conformidade
relativas à segurança aos dispositivos autorizados. A terceira é um mecanismo de network
admission control para redes 6LoWPAN que evita que dispositivos não autorizados comuniquem
com outros dispositivos legítimos e com a Internet o que reduz drasticamente o número de
ataques à segurança. Este mecanismo também foi explorado como um mecanismo de gestão uma
vez que pode ser utilizado a dimensão da rede quanto ao número de dispositivos, tornando-a
mais fácil de gerir e aumentando a sua fiabilidade e o seu tempo de vida
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