Coverage Issues in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks

Wireless Ad-Hoc sensor networks have a broad range of applications in the military,vigilance, environment monitoring, and healthcare fields. Coverage of the sensor networks describes how well an area is monitored. The coverage problem has been studied extensively, especially when combined with connectivity and well-organized. Coverage is a typical problem in the wireless sensor networks to fulfil issued sensing tasks. In general, sensing analysis represents how well an area is monitored by sensors. The quality of the sensor network can be reflected by levels of coverage and connectivity that it offers. The coverage issues have been studied extensively, especially when combined with connectivity and energy efficiency. Constructing a connected fully covered, and energy efficient sensor network is valuable for real world applications due to limited resources of sensor nodes. The survey recent contributions addressing energy efficient coverage problems in the context of static WASNs, networks in which sensor nodes do not move once they are deployed and present in some detail of the algorithms, assumptions, and results. A comprehensive comparison among these approaches is given from perspective of design objectives, assumptions, algorithm attributes and related results

Study

Wireless sensor networks are successfully used in the conditions of war as well as natural calamities like earthquake, flood, volcanoes etc. Rapid technological advances in the area of micro electro-mechanical systems have spurred the development of small inexpensive sensors capable of intelligent sensing. A significant amount of research has been done in the area of connecting large numbers of these sensors to create robust and scalable Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Proposed applications for WSNs include habitat monitoring, battlefield surveillance, and security systems. WSNs aim to be energy efficient, self-organizing, scalable, and robust. Relatively little work has been done on security issues related to sensor networks. The resource scarcity, ad-hoc deployment, and immense scale of WSNs make secure communication a particularly challenging problem. The primary consideration for sensor networks is energy efficiency, security schemes must balance their security features against the communication and computational overhead required to implement them. This paper will describe the fundamental challenges in the emergent field of sensor network security and the initial approaches to solving them

Review on energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Currently, the Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is mainly an interesting area due to its ability to provide a technology to gather many valuable data from underwater environment such as tsunami monitoring sensor, military tactical application, environmental monitoring and many more. However, UWSNs is suffering from limited energy, high packet loss and the use of acoustic communication. In UWSNs most of the energy consumption is used during the forwarding of packet data from the source to the destination. Therefore, many researchers are eager to design energy efficient routing protocol to minimize energy consumption in UWSNs. As the opportunistic routing (OR) is the most promising method to be used in UWSNs, this paper focuses on the existing proposed energy efficient OR protocol in UWSNs. This paper reviews the existing proposed energy efficient OR protocol, classifying them into 3 categories namely sender-side-based, receiver-side-based and hybrid. Furthermore each of the protocols is reviewed in detail, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, we discuss potential future work research directions in UWSNs, especially for energy efficient OR protocol design

Connected bicycles: Potential research opportunities in wireless sensor network

In the area of high‐performance cycling, cyclist‐performance monitoring system can be considered one of the most important applications. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been identified as one of the technology candidates to meet the mobility model, energy model, and real‐time monitoring of a cyclist. A few key WSN technologies that have been utilized are Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi‐Fi, and advanced and adaptive network technology (ANT). By utilizing the infrastructure of the mobile and Internet networks, the cyclist parameters can be transmitted to a remote location via a framework system that consists of the WSN protocol and the mobile phone device. The previous research works and commercial products on methods of measuring cycling performance focus on how to transfer the cycling parameters from the bicycle sensor nodes to the monitoring device. With the advanced development of the sensors technology, wireless communication technologies, and cloud computing, the bicycle wireless sensor network is expected to join the Internet of Things (IoT) hype. This chapter provides an overview of bicycle wireless sensor network (BWSN) for connection between the cyclist and a remote monitoring location. BWSN comes with a number of challenges such as limitation of energy resources, limitation of size and weight for mounting of the sensor node on the bicycle as well as varying distances and channel conditions between the cyclist and the monitoring node. A few methods to address these challenges focusing on energy‐efficient techniques are proposed such as sleep/wake strategy, radio optimization, energy‐efficient routing, and energy harvesting. The latest development and potential research topics related to the Internet of Bicycles are also highlighted in this work

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

[EN] Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid- (GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.This work has also been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.Qureshi, KN.; Bashir, MU.; Lloret, J.; León Fernández, A. (2020). Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision. Journal of Sensors. 2020:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9040395S1192020Sneha, K., Kamath, R., Balachandra, M., & Prabhu, S. (2019). New Gossiping Protocol for Routing Data in Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture. 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Comparison of Energy Efficient Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks –A Review

— Wireless sensor networks with hundreds of sensor nodes have emerged in recent years as important platforms for a wide spectrum of monitoring tasks ranging from environmental to military applications. Its growth is expeditiously increasing and that’s why there is an immense field for research in this area. Sensors depend entirely on the trust of their battery for power, which cannot be revitalized or substituted. So the design of energy aware protocol is essential in respect to enhance the network lifetime. LEACH, LEACH C and HEED are energy-efficient hierarchical based protocols that balances the energy expense, saves the node energy and hence prolongs the lifetime of the network. So this paper presents a detailed review and analysis of these energy efficient protocols. Comparison of various network parameters is done in the form of tables and graphs. In the last of the paper conclusions is drawn

Security of Data Collection and Sensor Group Management in Wireless Networks

Because of their practical applications in monitoring the physical environment and collecting the data for further analysis, sensor networks have become an important area of research within computer science and engineering. Security, in many circumstances, may be a primary concern due to the confidential nature of the data. Since in sensor networks, communication between motes is done via a radio frequency channel (RF), which is not a secure channel, an adversarial node attaching itself to the network could potentially eavesdrop on sensitive data, by listening to any signals which are transmitted. The research shows that a key management protocol, in combination with efficient group management and cryptographic techniques appropriate to energy- and memory-limited sensor networks, such as elliptic curves (ECC), provide a scalable approach for acquiring and maintaining the freshness of keys in large, dynamic groups

Simulation study of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks, a distributed network of sensor nodes perform critical tasks in many application areas such as target tracking in military applications, detection of catastrophic events, environment monitoring, health applications etc. The routing protocols developed for these distributed sensor networks need to be energy efficient and scalable. To create a better understanding of the performance of various routing protocols proposed it is very important to perform a detailed analysis of them. Network simulators enable us to study the performance and behavior of these protocols on various network topologies. Many Sensor Network frameworks were developed to explore both the networking issues and the distributed computing aspects of wireless sensor networks. The current work of simulation study of routing protocols is done on SensorSimulator, a discrete event simulation framework developed at Sensor Networks Research Laboratory, LSU and on a popular event driven network simulator ns2 developed at UC Berkeley. SensorSimulator is a discrete event simulation framework for sensor networks built over OMNeT++ (Objective Modular Network Test-bed in C++). This framework allows the user to debug and test software for distributed sensor networks. SensorSimulator allows developers and researchers in the area of Sensor Networks to investigate topological, phenomenological, networking, robustness and scaling issues, to explore arbitrary algorithms for distributed sensors, and to defeat those algorithms through simulated failure. The framework has modules for all the layers of a Sensor Network Protocol stack. This thesis is focused on the simulation and performance evaluation of various routing protocols on SensorSimulator and ns2. The performance of the simulator is validated with a comparative study of Directed Diffusion Routing Protocol on both ns2 and SensorSimulator. Then the simulations are done to evaluate the performance of Optimized Broadcast Protocols for Sensor Networks, Efficient Coordination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks on SensorSimulator. Also a performance study of Random Asynchronous Wakeup protocol for Sensor Networks is done on ns2