65,606 research outputs found
Separation Framework: An Enabler for Cooperative and D2D Communication for Future 5G Networks
Soaring capacity and coverage demands dictate that future cellular networks
need to soon migrate towards ultra-dense networks. However, network
densification comes with a host of challenges that include compromised energy
efficiency, complex interference management, cumbersome mobility management,
burdensome signaling overheads and higher backhaul costs. Interestingly, most
of the problems, that beleaguer network densification, stem from legacy
networks' one common feature i.e., tight coupling between the control and data
planes regardless of their degree of heterogeneity and cell density.
Consequently, in wake of 5G, control and data planes separation architecture
(SARC) has recently been conceived as a promising paradigm that has potential
to address most of aforementioned challenges. In this article, we review
various proposals that have been presented in literature so far to enable SARC.
More specifically, we analyze how and to what degree various SARC proposals
address the four main challenges in network densification namely: energy
efficiency, system level capacity maximization, interference management and
mobility management. We then focus on two salient features of future cellular
networks that have not yet been adapted in legacy networks at wide scale and
thus remain a hallmark of 5G, i.e., coordinated multipoint (CoMP), and
device-to-device (D2D) communications. After providing necessary background on
CoMP and D2D, we analyze how SARC can particularly act as a major enabler for
CoMP and D2D in context of 5G. This article thus serves as both a tutorial as
well as an up to date survey on SARC, CoMP and D2D. Most importantly, the
article provides an extensive outlook of challenges and opportunities that lie
at the crossroads of these three mutually entangled emerging technologies.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 201
Smarter grid through collective intelligence: user awareness for enhanced performance
This paper examines the scenario of a university campus, and the impact on energy consumption of the awareness of building managers and users (lecturers, students and administrative staff).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Planning and Design Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development
In order to create high impact low-carbon architecture it is necessary to address issues at the urban scale. This paper reviews methods adopted in the UK, Hong Kong and America and develops a series of themes that should be incorporated in modern city development strategies to produce green and sustainable outcomes. These are concerned with: planning policies and building regulations; neighborhood and site planning; and building design. Underlying themes which must be incorporated are connected to: building façade, systems design and operation; energy demand and supply; transportation systems; water supply and use; and wastes/pollution issues. To achieve success a number of support mechanisms are needed including strategic and infrastructure development, implementation of assessment frameworks, and the distribution of information and knowledge to stakeholders. The themes are compared to recent developments in the city of Kunming and proposals for future applications are explored
Using MCD-DVS for dynamic thermal management performance improvement
With chip temperature being a major hurdle in microprocessor design, techniques to recover the performance loss due to thermal emergency mechanisms are crucial in order to sustain performance growth. Many techniques for power reduction in the past and some on thermal management more recently have contributed to alleviate this problem. Probably the most important thermal control technique is dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVS) which allows for almost cubic reduction in power with worst-case performance penalty only linear. So far, DVS techniques for temperature control have been studied at the chip level. Finer grain DVS is feasible if a globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous (GALS) design style is employed. GALS, also known as multiple-clock domain (MCD), allows for an independent voltage and frequency control for each one of the clock domains that are part of the chip. There are several studies on DVS for GALS that aim to improve energy and power efficiency but not temperature. This paper proposes and analyses the usage of DVS at the domain level to control temperature in a clustered MCD microarchitecture with the goal of improving the performance of applications that do not meet the thermal constraints imposed by the designers.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Modular eco-class: an approach towards a sustainable innovative learning environment in Egypt
Today, Egypt suffers from deterioration of education quality as a result of
deficient learning spaces, insufficient governmental expenditure and funding, and lack of
proper research in education developmental strategies. Additionally, 21st century learning
requires innovative spaces that connect school, home, and community. Therefore, new learning
spaces should increase flexibility, support hands-on and outside-class learning activities in
order to motivate learners. Furthermore, they intend to encourage extra-curricular activities
beyond conventional learning times. Undoubtedly, comfortable, safe and creative learning
spaces can inspire and motivate users, while ugly/unsafe spaces can depress. Therefore, welldesigned
learning spaces are able to support creative, productive and efficient learning
processes on one hand. On the other hand, ecological design measures became an increasingly
major keystone for modern sustainable learning-spaces. Thus, learning-spaces’ design process,
form, components, materials, features, and energy-saving technologies can yield well-educated,
environmentally-literate, energy-conscious, and innovative future-generations.
This paper represents a preliminary phase of an ongoing research project that aims to create
a framework for an Innovative Sustainable Learning Environment (ISLE) in developing
countries, the Middle East region, and Egypt in particular. This project aims at encouraging
constructive relationships between users, buildings, ecosystems and to improve quality of
learning through intelligent and ecologically well designed learning-spaces. The paper
proposes the concept of modular Eco-Class as a framework of learning spaces and a stepforward
in the direction of ISLE. Moreover, this Eco-Class aims to educate and provide
balance between building’s environmental sensitivity, high performance, initial cost, and
lifecycle costs without harming the surrounding ecology. The Eco-Class not only intends to
promote a positive environmental impact to improve indoor air quality and energy efficiency, it
also provides on its own an environment that educates learners and elevates environmentalawareness
between future generations. Finally, the study and the ongoing research project of
Eco-Class aim to provide validated design-guidelines for sustainable educational buildings, and
to achieve the optimum innovative and sustainable learning environment in Egypt for effective
and creative future-generation learners, parents, staff, and communities
A Review on Energy Consumption Optimization Techniques in IoT Based Smart Building Environments
In recent years, due to the unnecessary wastage of electrical energy in
residential buildings, the requirement of energy optimization and user comfort
has gained vital importance. In the literature, various techniques have been
proposed addressing the energy optimization problem. The goal of each technique
was to maintain a balance between user comfort and energy requirements such
that the user can achieve the desired comfort level with the minimum amount of
energy consumption. Researchers have addressed the issue with the help of
different optimization algorithms and variations in the parameters to reduce
energy consumption. To the best of our knowledge, this problem is not solved
yet due to its challenging nature. The gap in the literature is due to the
advancements in the technology and drawbacks of the optimization algorithms and
the introduction of different new optimization algorithms. Further, many newly
proposed optimization algorithms which have produced better accuracy on the
benchmark instances but have not been applied yet for the optimization of
energy consumption in smart homes. In this paper, we have carried out a
detailed literature review of the techniques used for the optimization of
energy consumption and scheduling in smart homes. The detailed discussion has
been carried out on different factors contributing towards thermal comfort,
visual comfort, and air quality comfort. We have also reviewed the fog and edge
computing techniques used in smart homes
Sustainability Assessment Methods for the Gulf Region
This paper describes the development of a sustainability assessment framework designed to be used in the Gulf Region, which is an area which has experienced large scale building development and also a region in which sustainability assessment is not yet widely used. The complexity and time resources needed to apply existing methods act as a deterrent to active use. Three well-known methods available at the time of the study were investigated in some detail. These were: BREEAM Gulf; Green Building Council LEED; and Estidama Pearl. Cross comparisons of the factors involved in each method were carried out on several levels including: theoretical comparison; practical development and usability; compliance with regulations and standards; and ability to achieve synchronization. A considerable degree of compatibility was found to exist between the methods, particularly if focused on key criteria. As a result a new and specific framework was developed which grouped 24 indicators under five principal headings: site/location, biodiversity and accessibility; energy; water; occupant well-being; and resources and wastes. This new framework was then evaluated by testing with practitioners resulting in confirmation of 20 out of the 24 indicators, and identification of suitable benchmarks
VIRTUALIZED BASEBAND UNITS CONSOLIDATION IN ADVANCED LTE NETWORKS USING MOBILITY- AND POWER-AWARE ALGORITHMS
Virtualization of baseband units in Advanced Long-Term Evolution networks and a rapid performance growth of general purpose processors naturally raise the interest in resource multiplexing. The concept of resource sharing and management between virtualized instances is not new and extensively used in data centers. We adopt some of the resource management techniques to organize virtualized baseband units on a pool of hosts and investigate the behavior of the system in order to identify features which are particularly relevant to mobile environment. Subsequently, we introduce our own resource management algorithm specifically targeted to address some of the peculiarities identified by experimental results
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