A Study of Energy Efficient MANET Routing Protocols

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) the contributing nodes have numerous jobs such as router, receiver and sender. Therefore here is a lot of energy consumed by the nodes for the ordinary working of the network since each node has several dissimilar roles. Also in MANET the nodes remain moving continually and this in twist consumes a lot of energy. Since battery capability of these nodes is limited it fails to fulfill the high requirement of energy. The shortage of energy makes the energy maintenance in MANET a significant concern. There is some research carried out on the energy consumption of MANET these days. Some of this research recommends load balancing, sleep mode, transmission power control, etc. We have surveyed so many types of traditional protocols of MANET and their variation which includes energy efficiency. Keywords: MANET; Multipath Routing; Routing Protocols; Energy Efficiency; Network Life Time

Energy and Load Aware Multipath Route Selection for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Routing protocols are crucial in delivering packets from source to destination in scenarios where destinations are not directly within the sender’s range. Various routing protocols employ different strategies, but their presence is indispensable for seamless data transfer from source to destination. Multipath routing, while offering load balancing, often falls short in efficiently distributing the network’s load, thus adversely impacting the vital communication resource—energy—due to packet loss. This paper introduces an Energy-Efficient Load-Aware Routing (ELAM) scheme to enhance the routing performance of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Our motivation stems from the observation that many multipath routing protocols are designed based on a single criterion, such as the shortest path, often neglecting load balancing or energy conservation. While the Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocol demonstrates improved performance compared to unipath routing schemes, achieving both load balancing and energy efficiency remains challenging.  The proposed ELAM scheme considers energy conservation, the shortest path, and load balancing to enhance the performance of multipath routing protocols. ELAM considers the shortest path and energy conservation while accommodating more than two paths in a MANET. We introduce an energy factor that contributes to the network’s lifespan, with efficient load balancing enhancing the longevity of nodes and the overall network. The energy factor provides insights into the energy status, and we evaluate the performance of AODV, AOMDV, and the proposed ELAM. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing protocols and effectively manages unnecessary energy consumption by mobile nodes. Our performance analysis reveals a minimum 5% improvement in throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), indicating reduced packet dropping and network delays

Fuzzy based load and energy aware multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks

Routing is a challenging task in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) due to their dynamic topology and lack of central administration. As a consequence of un-predictable topology changes of such networks, routing protocols employed need to accurately capture the delay, load, available bandwidth and residual node energy at various locations of the network for effective energy and load balancing. This paper presents a fuzzy logic based scheme that ensures delay, load and energy aware routing to avoid congestion and minimise end-to-end delay in MANETs. In the proposed approach, forwarding delay, average load, available bandwidth and residual battery energy at a mobile node are given as inputs to a fuzzy inference engine to determine the traffic distribution possibility from that node based on the given fuzzy rules. Based on the output from the fuzzy system, traffic is distributed over fail-safe multiple routes to reduce the load at a congested node. Through simulation results, we show that our approach reduces end-to-end delay, packet drop and average energy consumption and increases packet delivery ratio for constant bit rate (CBR) traffic when compared with the popular Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol

Node Caching Enhancement of Reactive Ad Hoc Routing Protocol

Enhancing route request broadcasting protocols constitutes a substantial part of research in mobile ad hoc network routing. In the thesis, enhancements of ad hoc routing protocols, energy efficiency metrics and clustered topology generators are discussed. The contributions include the followings. First, a node caching enhancement of Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is introduced. Extensive simulation studies of the enhanced AODV in NS2 shows up to 9-fold reduction in the routing overhead, up to 20% improvement in the packet delivery ratio and up to 60% reduction in the end-to-end delay. The largest improvement happens to highly stressed situations. Secondly, new metrics for evaluating energy efficiency of routing protocols are suggested. New node cached AODV protocols employing non-adaptive and adaptive load balancing techniques were proposed for extending network lifetime and increasing network throughput. Finally, the impact of node clustered topology on ad hoc network is explored. A novel method for generating clustered layout in NS2 is introduced and experiments indicate performance degradation of AODV protocols for the case of two clusters

An Energy Efficient Routing Based on Route Segmentation in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad hoc networks based communication is one of an essential form of today's technologies which is highly effective in an emergency need. The feature of infrastructure independence makes it highly useful and versatile all kind of wireless communications needs. But the insufficiency of resources availability degrades its performance and stability of the network. Energy is the vital resource in MANET, as it makes a node to live and retain in-network for longer, which provide better network stability, scalability, and throughput. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient routing based on route segmentation mechanism (EER-RS) for energy saving in the high scalable network. It presents a lightweight route segments energy prediction algorithm to predicts the optimal energy efficiency path for data routing. We evaluate this mechanism in a high scalable network and the obtained results show an improvisation with 40 to 60 percent less energy consumption than traditional AODV and other compared protocol

AOMDV with Load Balanced as an Improvement to AOMDV Protocol

MANETs are one of the most challenging and growing research field because of their demand and challenges in providing services because of its dynamic nature. Load balancing is one of the key problems in MANETs as load balancing in network is essential for better lifetime of network, Qos, congestion control. The proposed approach in the research emphasises on the stability of the paths and distributing the traffic in the network based on the energy of the nodes. The simulations were performed in NS2. The results shows that the proposed algorithm was able to achieve batter packet delivery ratio and throughput without increasing the overhead in the network, The proposed algorithm also managed to consume a balanced energy from all the nodes in the network

Light Load Path Selection Techniques for Control Congestion in MANET (ENBA)

The nodes have limited bandwidth and processing capability. The routing protocols cannot handle the congestion due to heavy load in mobile ad hoc networks. Several routes are established in the network, and some intermediate nodes are common. The dynamic behaviour of the network creates problems for strong link establishment. The routing protocol establishes the connection between the sender and receiver. The efficient routing approach uses the concept of load balancing to reduce packet loss in a network. The heavy load on the network affects the node’s buffer capacity and link capacity. The research proposed the Effective Network Behavior Analyze (ENBA) for route sections to control congestion in MANET. This paper’s effort is driven by the idea of considering several aspects of the routing design of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in a unified manner. ENBA is a routing strategy that uses the shortest path for routing and balances the load by managing incoming and outgoing packets on links and nodes. In this routing scheme, the shortest path measures the buffer capacity of the nodes with higher TTL values selected for sending the data packets in the network. The link capacity is based on the flow of packets in the network. Queue optimisation is a continuous optimisation in which we count the number of packets incoming and decide the link reliability in a dynamic network. The performance of ENBA is compared with the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector -Modified (AOMDV-M) routing protocol. The ENDA strategy outperforms the competition in terms of performance over a shorter period. In the proposed technique, performance matrices like PDR, overhead, and delay provide better results than the previous AOMDV-M routing approach

Routing Optimizing Decisions in MANET: The Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP) with Adaptive Routing based on Network Situation

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks that operate without a fixed infrastructure or base station. In MANETs, each node acts as a data source and a router, establishing connections with its neighboring nodes to facilitate communication. This research has introduced the Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP), which combines the OLSR, AOMDV, and AODV routing protocols while considering the network situation for improved performance. The EHRP protocol begins by broadcasting a RREP (Route Reply) packet to discover a route. The selection of routing options is based on the current network situation. To determine the distance between the source and destination nodes, the proposed EHRP initiates a RREQ (Route Request) packet. In situations where network mobility exceeds the capabilities of the AODV protocol, the EHRP protocol can utilize the OLSR routing protocol for route selection and data transmission, provided that at least 70% of the network nodes remain stable. Additionally, the EHRP protocol effectively handles network load and congestion control through the utilization of the AOMDV routing protocol. Compared to the hybrid routing protocol, the enhanced hybrid routing protocol (EHRP) demonstrates superior performance. Its incorporation of the OLSR, AOMDV, and AODV protocols, along with its adaptive routing adaptation based on network conditions, allows for efficient network management and improved overall network performance. The analysis of packet delivery ratio for EHRP and ZRP reveals that EHRP achieves a packet delivery ratio of 98.01%, while ZRP achieves a packet delivery ratio of 89.99%. These results indicate that the enhanced hybrid routing protocol (EHRP) outperforms the hybrid routing protocol (ZRP) in terms of packet delivery ratio. EHRP demonstrates a higher level of success in delivering packets to their intended destinations compared to ZRP. The analysis of normal routing load for EHRP and ZRP reveals that EHRP exhibits a normal routing load of 0.13%, while ZRP exhibits a higher normal routing load of 0.50%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the performance of the Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP) is significantly better than that of the Hybrid Routing Protocol (ZRP) when considering the normal routing load. EHRP demonstrates a lower level of routing overhead and more efficient resource utilization compared to ZRP in scenarios with normal routing load. When comparing the average end-to-end delay between the Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP) and ZRP, the analysis reveals that EHRP achieves an average delay of 0.06, while ZRP exhibits a higher average delay of 0.23. These findings indicate that the Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP) performs better than ZRP in terms of average end-to-end delay. EHRP exhibits lower delay, resulting in faster and more efficient transmission of data packets from source to destination compared to ZRP. After considering the overall parameter matrix, which includes factors such as normal routing load, data send and receive throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay, it becomes evident that the performance of the Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP) surpasses that of the current hybrid routing protocol (ZRP). Across these metrics, EHRP consistently outperforms ZRP, demonstrating superior performance and efficiency. The Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol (EHRP) exhibits better results in terms of normal routing load, higher throughput for data transmission and reception, improved packet delivery ratio, and lower average end-to-end delay. Overall, EHRP offers enhanced performance and effectiveness compared to the existing hybrid routing protocol (ZRP)