Decisive analysis of current state of the art in congestion aware and control routing models in ad hoc networks

An important aspect that portrays a crucial position in the ad hoc network routing is congestion. Almost every research analysis is en-route in adapting this key factor in addressing congestion. This problem cannot be totally addressed by the regular TCP protocol based networks, keeping in view the special assets which include multi hop sharing etc, which is difficult to ascertain in ad hoc networks. Many attempts have been made and are in progress by researchers to provide unique solutions to the above mentioned problems. This paper projects a vital study on jamming aware and different routing standards that have been dealt with in recent times

Recent Developments on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

This book presents collective works published in the recent Special Issue (SI) entitled "Recent Developments on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks”. These works expose the readership to the latest solutions and techniques for MANETs and VANETs. They cover interesting topics such as power-aware optimization solutions for MANETs, data dissemination in VANETs, adaptive multi-hop broadcast schemes for VANETs, multi-metric routing protocols for VANETs, and incentive mechanisms to encourage the distribution of information in VANETs. The book demonstrates pioneering work in these fields, investigates novel solutions and methods, and discusses future trends in these field

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Being infrastructure-less and without central administration control, wireless ad-hoc networking is playing a more and more important role in extending the coverage of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). This book includes state-of-the-art techniques and solutions for wireless ad-hoc networks. It focuses on the following topics in ad-hoc networks: quality-of-service and video communication, routing protocol and cross-layer design. A few interesting problems about security and delay-tolerant networks are also discussed. This book is targeted to provide network engineers and researchers with design guidelines for large scale wireless ad hoc networks

Advances in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): challenges and road-map for future development

Recent advances in wireless communication technologies and auto-mobile industry have triggered a significant research interest in the field of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) over the past few years. A vehicular network consists of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications supported by wireless access technologies such as IEEE 802.11p. This innovation in wireless communication has been envisaged to improve road safety and motor traffic efficiency in near future through the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, governments, auto-mobile industries and academia are heavily partnering through several ongoing research projects to establish standards for VANETs. The typical set of VANET application areas, such as vehicle collision warning and traffic information dissemination have made VANET an interesting field of mobile wireless communication. This paper provides an overview on current research state, challenges, potentials of VANETs as well as the ways forward to achieving the long awaited ITS

Thirty Years of Machine Learning: The Road to Pareto-Optimal Wireless Networks

Future wireless networks have a substantial potential in terms of supporting a broad range of complex compelling applications both in military and civilian fields, where the users are able to enjoy high-rate, low-latency, low-cost and reliable information services. Achieving this ambitious goal requires new radio techniques for adaptive learning and intelligent decision making because of the complex heterogeneous nature of the network structures and wireless services. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have great success in supporting big data analytics, efficient parameter estimation and interactive decision making. Hence, in this article, we review the thirty-year history of ML by elaborating on supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning. Furthermore, we investigate their employment in the compelling applications of wireless networks, including heterogeneous networks (HetNets), cognitive radios (CR), Internet of things (IoT), machine to machine networks (M2M), and so on. This article aims for assisting the readers in clarifying the motivation and methodology of the various ML algorithms, so as to invoke them for hitherto unexplored services as well as scenarios of future wireless networks.Comment: 46 pages, 22 fig

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Being infrastructure-less and without central administration control, wireless ad-hoc networking is playing a more and more important role in extending the coverage of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). This book includes state-of the-art techniques and solutions for wireless ad-hoc networks. It focuses on the following topics in ad-hoc networks: vehicular ad-hoc networks, security and caching, TCP in ad-hoc networks and emerging applications. It is targeted to provide network engineers and researchers with design guidelines for large scale wireless ad hoc networks

Contributions to provide a QoS-aware self-configured framework for video-streaming services over ad hoc networks

Aplicat embargament des del dia 27 d'octubre de 2021 fins 31 de juliol de 2022Ad hoc networks have attracted much attention from the research community over the last years and important technical advances have risen as a consequence. These networks are foreseen as an important kind of next generation access networks, where multimedia services will be demanded by end users from their wireless devices everywhere. In this thesis, we specially focus our research work on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and on vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), two kind of ad hoc networks over which interesting multimedia services can be provided. The special haracteristics of MANETs/VANETs, such as mobility, dynamic network topology (specially in VANETs), energy constraints (in case of MANETs), infrastructureless and variable link capacity, make the QoS (Quality of Service) provision over these networks an important challenge for the research community. Due to that, there is a need to develop new routing protocols specially designed for MANETs and VANETs able to provide multimedia services. The main objective of this thesis is to contribute in the development of the communication framework for MANETs and VANETs to improve decisions to select paths or next hops in the moment of forwarding video-reporting messages. In this way, it would be possible to have a quick answer to manage daily problems in the city and help the emergency units (e.g., police, ambulances, health care units) in case of incidents (e.g., traffic accidents). Furthermore, in case of VANETs, a real scenario must be created and thus we have analysed the presence of obstacles in real maps. Also, in case of an obstacle found between the current forwarding node and the candidate next forwarding node, the packet is stored in a buffer, for a maximum time, until a forwarding neighbour node is found; otherwise, the packet is dropped. To improve the communication framework for MANETs, we propose a new routing protocol based on a game-theoretical scheme for N users specially designed to transmit video-reporting messages. Our proposal makes the network more efficient and provides a higher degree of satisfaction of the users by receiving much more packets with a lower average end-to-end delay, lower jitter and higher PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio). In addition, we propose a geographical routing protocol for VANETs that considers multiple metrics named 3MRP (Multimedia Multimetric Map-Aware Routing Protocol) [1]. 3MRP is a geographical protocol based on hop-by-hop forwarding. The metrics considered in 3MRP are the distance, the density of vehicles in transmission range, the available bandwidth, the future trajectory of the neighbouring nodes and the MAC layer losses. Those metrics are weighted to obtain a multimetric score. Thus, a node selects another node among its neighbours as the best forwarding node to increase the percentage of successful packet delivery, minimizing the average packet delay and offering a certain level of quality and service. Furthermore, a new algorithm named DSW (Dynamic Self-configured Weights) computes for each metric its corresponding weight depending on the current network conditions. As a consequence, nodes are classiffied in a better way.Les xarxes sense fils ad hoc han captat molt l'atenció per part de la comunitat científica en els últims anys, a més dels importants avenços tècnics que han sorgit. Aquestes xarxes es preveuen com un tipus important de xarxes d'accés de nova generació, a on els serveis multimèdia seran requerits pels usuaris a través dels seus dispositius sense fils desde tot arreu. En aquesta tesi, centrem el nostre treball especialment en les xarxes mòbils ad hoc (MANET, Mobile Ad hoc Network) i en les xarxes vehiculars ad hoc (VANET, Vehicular Ad hoc Network). Les característiques especials de les MANETs i les VANETs, com la mobilitat, la topologia dinàmica de la xarxa (especialment en VANETs), les restriccions de bateria (en cas de MANETs), l'absència d'infrastructura i la capacitat variable de l'enllaç sense fil fa que la provisió de la qualitat de servei en aquestes xarxes sigui un repte important per a la comunitat científica. A causa d'això, hi ha la necessitat de desenvolupar nous protocols d'encaminament especialment dissenyats per a MANETs i VANETs capaços de proporcionar els serveis de multimèdia requerits. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és proveir millores en la comunicació per a les xarxes ad hoc MANET i VANET per millorar les decisions a l'hora de seleccionar els propers camins o nodes, respectivament, en el moment de l'enviament de les trames del video. D'aquesta manera serà possible tenir una resposta ràpida per resoldre els problema diaris a la ciutat i ajudar a les unitats d'emergència (per exemple, policia, ambulàncies, unitats de salut) en cas d'incidents, com ara els accidents de trànsit. Per analitzar adequadament les nostres propostes sobre VANETs hem dissenyat un entorn de simulació realista que incorpora la presència d'edificis en mapes reals i en el cas que hi hagi un obstacle entre el node actual i el candidat per a ser el pròxim salt el paquet s'emmagatzema en un buffer, per un temps màxim, fins a trobar un nou candidat; en cas contrari, es descarta el paquet. Per millorar les comunicacions en les MANETs, proposem un nou protocol d'encaminament basat en teoria de jocs per a N usuaris especialment dissenyat per a enviar missatges de vídeo. Això fa que la xarxa sigui més eficient, i així s'aconsegueix un major grau de satisfacció dels usuaris en rebre molts més paquets amb un menor retard mig extrem a extrem, menor variació del retard (jitter ) i major PSNR (Relació Senyal Soroll de Pic) . A més, es proposa un protocol d'encaminament geogràfic basat en el reenviament hop-by-hop per a VANETs anomenat 3MRP (Multimedia Multimetric Map-Aware Routing Protocol ) [1] que prèn en consideració múltiples mètriques. Les mètriques considerades en 3MRP són la distància a destinació, la densitat de vehicles en el rang de transmissió, l'ample de banda disponible, la trajectòria futura dels nodes veíns i la perdua de paquets a la capa MAC. Aquestes mètriques es ponderen per a obtenir una puntuació multimètrica. Així, un node pot seleccionar el millor node de reenviament entre tots els seus veíns per augmentar la probabilitat d' èxit de lliurament de paquets, minimitzant el retard mitjà dels paquets i oferint un cert nivell de qualitat de servei.Las redes ad hoc han llamado mucho la atención por parte de la comunidad científica en los últimos años, además de los importantes avances técnicos que han surgido. Estas redes se prevén como un tipo importante de redes de acceso de nueva generación, donde los servicios multimedia sean requeridos por los usuarios a través de sus dispositivos inalámbricos desde todas partes. En esta tesis, centramos nuestro trabajo de investigación especialmente en las redes móviles ad hoc (MANET, Mobile Ad hoc Network) y las redes vehiculares ad hoc (VANET, Vehicular Ad hoc Network). Las características especiales de las MANETs y las VANETs, como la movilidad, la topología dinámica de la red (especialmente en VANETs), las restricciones de batería (en caso de MANETs), la ausencia de infraestructura y la capacidad variable del enlace inalámbrico hace que la provisión de la calidad de servicio en estas redes sea un reto importante para la comunidad científica. Debido a esto, existe la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos protocolos de encaminamiento especialmente diseñados para MANETs y VANETs capaces de proporcionar los servicios de multimedia requeridos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es proveer mejoras en la comunicación para las redes ad hoc MANET y VANET para mejorar las decisiones a la hora de seleccionar los próximos caminos o nodos, respectivamente, en el momento del envío de las tramas del video y de esta manera sería posible tener una respuesta rápida para resolver los problema diarios en la ciudad y ayudar a las unidades de emergencia (por ejemplo, policía, ambulancias, unidades de salud) en caso de incidentes, como accidentes de tráfico. Para analizar adecuadamente nuestras propuestas sobre VANETs hemos diseñado un entorno de simulación realista que incorpora la presencia de edificios en mapas reales. En el caso de que haya un obstáculo entre el nodo actual y el candidato para ser el próximo salto el paquete se almacena en un buer, durante un tiempo máximo, hasta encontrar un nuevo candidato; en caso contrario, se descarta el paquete. Para mejorar las comunicaciones en las MANETs, proponemos un nuevo protocolo de encaminamiento basado en teoría de juegos para N usuarios especialmente diseñados para enviar mensajes de video. Esto hace que la red sea más eficiente, y así se consigue un mayor grado de satisfacción de los usuarios al recibir muchos más paquetes con un menor promedio de retardo de extremo a extremo, variación de retardo (jitter) y mayor PSNR (Relación Señal a Ruido de Pico). Además, se propone un protocolo de encaminamiento geográfico basado en el reenvío de salto-a-salto para VANETs llamado 3MRP (Multimedia multimetric Map-Aware Routing Protocol) [1] que incluye diversas métricas. Las métricas consideradas en 3MRP son la distancia al destino, la densidad de vehículos en el rango de transmisión, el ancho de banda disponible, la trayectoria futura de los nodos vecinos y la pérdida de paquetes en la capa MAC. Estas métricas se ponderan para obtener una puntuación multimetricanal. Así, un nodo puede seleccionar el mejor nodo de reenvío entre todos sus vecinos para aumentar la probabilidad de éxito de entrega de paquetes, minimizando el retardo medio de los paquetes y ofreciendo un cierto nivel de calidad de servicio. Por otra parte, se ha diseñado un nuevo algoritmo capaz de dar a cada métrica su correspondiente peso en función de las condiciones actuales de la red. De esta forma, los nodos se pueden clasificar de una mejor manera. Por último, se propone un nuevo protocolo de encaminamiento para VANETs llamado G-3MRP (Game Theoretical Multimedia Multimetric Map-aware Routing Protocol) [2] para enviar mensajes de video basado en teoría de juegos para N usuarios en escenarios urbanos. G-3MRP se basa en el protocolo de encaminamiento 3MRP. G-3MRP utiliza hasta tres nodos a través de los cuales los tres tipos de cuadros de video I, P y B serán enviados. Las métricas utilizadas son las mismas que en 3MRP. G-3MRP logra una mayor grado de satisfacción de los usuarios mediante la recepción de muchos más paquetes de video y con un mayor nivel de PSNR, que la anterior propuesta 3MRP+DSW. También hemos analizado el problema de detección de obstáculos en mapas reales para VANETs en escenarios urbanos. Para este propósito, hemos desarrollado nuestra herramienta REVsim [3] de tal forma que puede estar fácilmente integrada en nuestra propuesta de protocolo de encaminamiento para que las simulaciones sean más realistas.Postprint (published version

Providing security and fault tolerance in P2P connections between clouds for mHealth services

[EN] The mobile health (mHealth) and electronic health (eHealth) systems are useful to maintain a correct administration of health information and services. However, it is mandatory to ensure a secure data transmission and in case of a node failure, the system should not fall down. This fact is important because several vital systems could depend on this infrastructure. On the other hand, a cloud does not have infinite computational and storage resources in its infrastructure or would not provide all type of services. For this reason, it is important to establish an interrelation between clouds using communication protocols in order to provide scalability, efficiency, higher service availability and flexibility which allow the use of services, computing and storage resources of other clouds. In this paper, we propose the architecture and its secure protocol that allows exchanging information, data, services, computing and storage resources between all interconnected mHealth clouds. The system is based on a hierarchic architecture of two layers composed by nodes with different roles. The routing algorithm used to establish the connectivity between the nodes is the shortest path first (SPF), but it can be easily changed by any other one. Our architecture is highly scalable and allows adding new nodes and mHealth clouds easily, while it tries to maintain the load of the cloud balanced. Our protocol design includes node discovery, authentication and fault tolerance. We show the protocol operation and the secure system design. Finally we provide the performance results in a controlled test bench.Lloret, J.; Sendra, S.; Jimenez, JM.; Parra-Boronat, L. (2016). Providing security and fault tolerance in P2P connections between clouds for mHealth services. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. 9(5):876-893. doi:10.1007/s12083-015-0378-3S87689395The Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly, Resolutions and Decisions. Document: A58/21. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthacademy/media/WHA58-28-en.pdf . [Last access: Dec. 30, 2014]World Health organization. Topics of eHealth. In WHO website. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/eHealth/en/ . [Last access: Dec. 30, 2014]Pickup JC, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ (2011) Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self monitoring of blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data. BMJ 343:d3805Promotional Material Digital health: working in partnership. Department of Health. UK. (2014) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-health-working-in-partnership/digital-health-working-in-partnerships#digital-health---harnessing-technology-for-patient-benefit . [Last access: Dec. 30, 2014]eHealth for a Healthier Europe!– opportunities for a better use of healthcare resources. Available at: https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files_epractice/sites/eHealth%20for%20a%20Healthier%20Europe %20-%20Opportunities%20for%20a%20better%20use%20of%20healthcare%20resources.pdf. [Last access: Dec. 30, 2014]Adibi S (2012) Link technologies and BlackBerry mobile health (mHealth) solutions: a review. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 16(4):586–597Chiarini G, Ray P, Akter S, Masella C, Ganz A (2013) mHealth technologies for chronic diseases and elders: a systematic review. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 31(9):6–18Lopes IM, Silva BM, Rodrigues JJ, Lloret J, Proenca ML (2011) A mobile health monitoring solution for weight control. In proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP 2011), Nanjing, pp 1–5Lopes IM, Silva BM, Rodrigues JJPC, Lloret J (2012) Performance evaluation of cooperation mechanisms for m-health applications. In proceedings of the 2012 I.E. Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2012), AnaheimKyriacou EC, Pattichis CS, Pattichis MS (2009) An overview of recent health care support systems for eEmergency and mHealth applications. In proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2009), Hilton Minneapolis, pp 1246–1249Nkosi MT, Mekuria F (2010) Cloud computing for enhanced mobile health applications. In proceedings of the 2010 I.E. Second International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom 2010), Indianapolis, pp 629–633Sultan N (2014) Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: opportunities and challenges. Int J Inf Manag 34(2):177–184Pandey S, Voorsluys W, Niu S, Khandoker A, Buyya R (2012) An autonomic cloud environment for hosting ECG data analysis services. Futur Gener Comput Syst 28(1):147–154Xia H, Asif I, Zhao X (2013) Cloud-ECG for real time ECG monitoring and analysis. Comput Methods Prog Biomed 110(3):253–259Bourouis A, Feham M, Bouchachia A (2012) A new architecture of a ubiquitous health monitoring system: a prototype of cloud mobile health monitoring system. arXiv preprint. Reference: arXiv:1205.6910Chen KR, Lin YL, Huang MS (2011) A mobile biomedical device by novel antenna technology for cloud computing resource toward pervasive healthcare. In proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE 2011), Taichung, pp 133–136Lacuesta R, Lloret J, Sendra S, Peñalver L (2014), Spontaneous ad hoc mobile cloud computing network. Sci World J (Article ID 232419): 1–19Ghafoor KZ, Bakar KA, Mohammed MA, Lloret J (2013) Vehicular cloud computing: trends and challenges (Chapter 14). In Mobile Networks and Cloud computing Convergence for Progressive Services and Applications. IGI Global. pp. 262–274. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-4781-7.ch014Wan J, Zhang D, Zhao S, Yang LT, Lloret J (2014) Context-aware vehicular cyber-physical systems with cloud support: architecture, challenges and solutions. IEEE Commun Mag 52(8):106–113. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6871677Rodrigues JJPC, Zhou L, Mendes LDP, Lin K, Lloret J (2012) Distributed media-aware flow scheduling in cloud computing environment. Comput Commun 35(15):1819–1827Dutta R, Annappa B (2014) Protection of data in unsecured public cloud environment with open, vulnerable networks using threshold-based secret sharing. Netw Protoc Algoritm 6(1):58–75Modares H, Lloret J, Moravejosharieh A, Salleh R (2013) Security in mobile cloud computing (Chapter 5). In Mobile Networks and Cloud computing Convergence for Progressive Services and Applications. IGI Global. pp. 79–91Mehmood A, Song H, Lloret J (2014) Multi-agent based framework for secure and reliable communication among open clouds. Netw Protoc Algoritm 6(4):60–76Mendes LDP, Rodrigues JJPC, Lloret J, Sendra S (2014) Cross-layer dynamic admission control for cloud-based multimedia sensor networks. IEEE Syst J 8(1):235–246Xiong J, Li F, Ma J, Liu X, Yao Z, Chen PS (2014) A full lifecycle privacy protection scheme for sensitive data in cloud computing. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 1–13Yang H, Kim H, Mtonga K (2014) An efficient privacy-preserving authentication scheme with adaptive key evolution in remote health monitoring system. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 1–11Silva BM, Rodrigues JJ, Canelo F, Lopes IM, Lloret J (2014) Towards a cooperative security system for mobile-health applications. Electron Commer Re 1–27Flynn D, Gregory P, Makki H, Gabbay M (2009) Expectations and experiences of eHealth in primary care: a qualitative practice-based investigation. Int J Med Inform 78(9):588–604Thampi SM (2010) Survey of search and replication schemes in unstructured P2P networks. Netw Protoc Algoritm 2(1):93–131Khan SM, Mallesh N, Nambiar A, Wright M (2010) The dynamics of salsa: a robust structured P2P system. Netw Protoc Algoritm 2(4):40–60Garcia M, Hammoumi M, Canovas A, Lloret J (2011) Controlling P2P file-sharing networks’ traffic. Netw Protoc Algoritm 3(4):54–92Lloret J, Garcia M, Tomas J, Rodrigues JJPC (2014) Architecture and protocol for InterCloud communication. Inf Sci 258:434–451Chowdhury CR (2014) A survey of cloud based health care system. Int J Innov Res Comput Commun Eng 2(8):5477–5481Ghosh R, Papapanagiotou I, Boloor KA (2014) Survey on research initiatives for healthcare clouds. Cloud Computing Applications for Quality Health Care Delivery. IGI Global 1–18Donahue S (2010) Can cloud computing help fix health care? Cloudbook J 1(6):1–6Deng M, Petkovic M, Nalin M, Baroni IA (2011) Home healthcare system in the cloud--addressing security and privacy challenges. In proceedings of the 2011 I.E. International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2011), Washington, pp 549–556Wang X, Gui Q, Liu B, Chen Y, Jin Z (2013) Leveraging mobile cloud for telemedicine: a performance study in medical monitoring. In proceedings of the 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC 2013), Syracuse, pp 49–50Alamri A (2012) Cloud-based e-health multimedia framework for heterogeneous network. In proceedings of the 2012 I.E. International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW 2012), Melbourne, pp 447–452Constantinescu L, Kim J, Feng DD (2012) Sparkmed: a framework for dynamic integration of multimedia medical data into distributed m-health systems. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 16(1):40–52Botts N, Thoms B, Noamani A, Horan TA (2010) Cloud computing architectures for the underserved: public health cyberinfrastructures through a network of healthatms. In proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2010), Honolulu, pp 1–10Fan L, Buchanan W, Thummler C, Lo O, Khedim A, Uthmani O, Lawson A, Bell D (2011) DACAR platform for eHealth services cloud. In proceedings of the 2011 I.E. International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2011), Washington, pp 219–226Ruiz-Zafra A, Benghazi K, Noguera M, Garrido JL (2013) Zappa: An Open Mobile Platform to Build Cloud-Based m-Health Systems. In proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (ISAmI 2013), Salamanca, pp 87–94Nijon S, Dickerson RF, Asare P, Li Q, Hong D, Stankovic JA, Hu P, Shen G, Jiang X (2013) Auditeur: a mobile-cloud service platform for acoustic event detection on smartphones. In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. ACM, Taipei, pp 403–416Lloret J, Diaz JR, Boronat F, Jiménez JM (2006) A fault-tolerant P2P-based protocol for logical networks interconnection. In proceedings of the International Conference on Networking and Services (ICNS’06), Silicon ValleyLloret J, Palau C, Boronat F, Tomas J (2008) Improving networks using group-based topologies. Comput Commun 31(14):3438–3450Lloret J, Boronat Segui F, Palau C, Esteve M (2005) Two levels SPF-based system to interconnect partially decentralized P2P file sharing networks. In proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems and International Conference on Networking and Services.(ICAS-ICNS 2005), Papeete, p 39Cramer C, Kutzner K, Fuhrmann T (2004) Bootstrapping locality-aware P2P networkS. In proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON 2004), Singapore, pp 357–361FIPS 180-1 - Secure Hash Standard, SHA-1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip180-1.htm [Last access: Dec. 30, 2014]Eastlake D., Jones P., US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1),(2001). In IETF website, Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3174.txt [Last access: March 20, 2015]Lacuesta R, Lloret J, Garcia M, Peñalver L (2011) Two secure and energy-saving spontaneous Ad-Hoc protocol for wireless mesh client networks. J Netw Comput Appl 3(2):492–50