57 research outputs found
RF-Transformer: A Unified Backscatter Radio Hardware Abstraction
This paper presents RF-Transformer, a unified backscatter radio hardware
abstraction that allows a low-power IoT device to directly communicate with
heterogeneous wireless receivers at the minimum power consumption. Unlike
existing backscatter systems that are tailored to a specific wireless
communication protocol, RF-Transformer provides a programmable interface to the
micro-controller, allowing IoT devices to synthesize different types of
protocol-compliant backscatter signals sharing radically different PHY-layer
designs. To show the efficacy of our design, we implement a PCB prototype of
RF-Transformer on 2.4 GHz ISM band and showcase its capability on generating
standard ZigBee, Bluetooth, LoRa, and Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n/ac packets. Our
extensive field studies show that RF-Transformer achieves 23.8 Mbps, 247.1
Kbps, 986.5 Kbps, and 27.3 Kbps throughput when generating standard Wi-Fi,
ZigBee, Bluetooth, and LoRa signals while consuming 7.6-74.2 less power than
their active counterparts. Our ASIC simulation based on the 65-nm CMOS process
shows that the power gain of RF-Transformer can further grow to 92-678. We
further integrate RF-Transformer with pressure sensors and present a case study
on detecting foot traffic density in hallways. Our 7-day case studies
demonstrate RFTransformer can reliably transmit sensor data to a commodity
gateway by synthesizing LoRa packets on top of Wi-Fi signals. Our experimental
results also verify the compatibility of RF-Transformer with commodity
receivers. Code and hardware schematics can be found at:
https://github.com/LeFsCC/RF-Transformer
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Leveraging Backscatter for Ultra-low Power Wireless Sensing Systems
The past few years have seen a dramatic growth in wireless sensing systems, with millions of wirelessly connected sensors becoming first-class citizens of the Internet. The number of wireless sensing devices is expected to surpass 6.75 billion by 2017, more than the world\u27s population as well as the combined market of smartphones, tablets, and PCs. However, its growth faces two pressing challenges: battery energy density and wireless radio power consumption. Battery energy density looms as a fundamental limiting factor due to slow improvements over the past several decades (3x over 22 years). Wireless radio power consumption is another key challenge because high-speed wireless communication is often far more expensive energy-wise than computation, storage and sensing. To make matters worse, wireless sensing devices are generating an increasing amount of data. These challenges raise a fundamental question --- how should we power and communicate with wireless sensing devices. More specifically, instead of using batteries, can we leverage other energy sources to reduce, if not eliminate, the dependence on batteries? Similarly, instead of optimizing existing wireless radios, can we fundamentally change how radios transmit wireless signals to achieve lower power consumption? A promising technique to address these questions is backscatter --- a primitive that enables RF energy harvesting and ultra-low-power wireless communication. Backscatter has the potential to reduce dependence on batteries because it can obtain energy by rectifying the wireless signals transmitted by a backscatter reader. Backscatter can also work by reflecting existing wireless signals (WiFi, BLE) when these are available nearby. Because signal reflection only consumes uWs of power, backscatter can enable ultra-low-power wireless communication. However, the use of backscatter for communicating with wireless sensing devices presents several challenges. First, decreasing RF power across distance limits the operational range of micro-powered backscatter devices. This raises the question of how to maintain a communication link with a backscatter device despite tiny amount of harvested power. Second, even though the backscatter RF front-end is extremely power-efficient, the computational and sensing overhead on backscatter sensors limit its ability to operate with a few micro-Watts of power. Such overhead is a negligible factor of overall power consumption for platforms where radio power consumption is high (e.g. WiFi or Bluetooth based devices). However, it becomes the bottleneck for backscatter based platforms. Third, backscatter readers are not currently deployed in existing indoor environments to provide a continuous carrier for carrying backscattered information. As a result, backscatter deployment is not yet widespread. This thesis addresses these challenges by making the following contributions. First, we design a network stack that enables continuous operation despite decreasing harvested power across distance by employing an OS abstraction --- task fragmentation. We show that such a network stack enables packet transfer even when the whole system is powered by a 3cmx3cm solar panel under natural indoor light condition. Second, we design a hardware architecture that minimizes the computational overhead of backscatter to enable over 1Mbps backscatter transmission while consuming less than 100uWs of power, a two order of magnitude improvement over the state-of-the-art. Finally, we design a system that can leverage both ambient WiFi and BLE signals for backscatter. Our empirical evaluation shows that we can backscatter 500bps data on top of a WiFi stream and 50kbps data on top of a Bluetooth stream when the backscatter device is 3m away from the commercial WiFi and Bluetooth receivers
CRC-based Reliable WiFi Backscatter Communiation for Supply Chain Management
Supply chain management is aimed to keep going long-term performance of the
supply chain and minimize the costs. Backscatter technology provides a more
efficient way of being able to identify items and real-time monitoring. Among
the backscatter systems, the ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) system
provides a prospect of ultra-low energy consumption and does not require
controlled excitation devices. In this paper, we introduce CRCScatter, a CRC
reverse algorithm-based AmBC system using a single access point (AP). A CRC
reverse decoder is applied to reverse the ambient data from CRC32 sequence in
the backscatter packet and realize single-AP decoding. Based on the nature of
DBPSK modulation in WiFi signal, the CRCScatter system obtains the tag data by
XOR and Differential decoder. Our simulation results verify the effectiveness
of our proposed system in the low SNR regime. The average decoding time of
CRCScatter system is independent of the length of tag data. Furthermore, our
system can append redundant bits in the tag data to improve the decoding
accuracy while not increasing the decoding time
An Evaluation of Wi-Fi 802.11b Backscatter
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in need of low-power communications systems with longevity and reliability. With the use of backscatter technology, IoT devices can communicate at the cost of almost no power and can last for up to a decade. Furthermore, backscatter technology is compatible with everyday wireless signals such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, allowing for easy communication without specific hardware constraints. This thesis aims to evaluate a Wi-Fi backscatter system and analyze its ease in triggering off of such ambient signals and sources. The system will utilize Wi-Fi 802.11b as a backscatter source to trigger the backscatter system to transmit its own data as a modified Wi-Fi signal 802.11b. This thesis will establish the effectiveness of a particular backscatter implementation, provide an overview of its systems, and demonstrate the efficacy of each system’s abilities
Saiyan: Design and Implementation of a Low-power Demodulator for LoRa Backscatter Systems
The radio range of backscatter systems continues growing as new wireless
communication primitives are continuously invented. Nevertheless, both the bit
error rate and the packet loss rate of backscatter signals increase rapidly
with the radio range, thereby necessitating the cooperation between the access
point and the backscatter tags through a feedback loop. Unfortunately, the
low-power nature of backscatter tags limits their ability to demodulate
feedback signals from a remote access point and scales down to such
circumstances. This paper presents Saiyan, an ultra-low-power demodulator for
long-range LoRa backscatter systems. With Saiyan, a backscatter tag can
demodulate feedback signals from a remote access point with moderate power
consumption and then perform an immediate packet retransmission in the presence
of packet loss. Moreover, Saiyan enables rate adaption and channel hopping-two
PHY-layer operations that are important to channel efficiency yet unavailable
on long-range backscatter systems. We prototype Saiyan on a two-layer PCB board
and evaluate its performance in different environments. Results show that
Saiyan achieves 5 gain on the demodulation range, compared with
state-of-the-art systems. Our ASIC simulation shows that the power consumption
of Saiyan is around 93.2 uW. Code and hardware schematics can be found at:
https://github.com/ZangJac/Saiyan
A survey of symbiotic radio: Methodologies, applications, and future directions
The sixth generation (6G) wireless technology aims to achieve global connectivity with environmentally sustainable networks to improve the overall quality of life. The driving force behind these networks is the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has led to a proliferation of wireless applications across various domains through the massive deployment of IoT devices. The major challenge is to support these devices with limited radio spectrum and energy-efficient communication. Symbiotic radio (SRad) technology is a promising solution that enables cooperative resource-sharing among radio systems through symbiotic relationships. By fostering mutualistic and competitive resource sharing, SRad technology enables the achievement of both common and individual objectives among the different systems. It is a cutting-edge approach that allows for the creation of new paradigms and efficient resource sharing and management. In this article, we present a detailed survey of SRad with the goal of offering valuable insights for future research and applications. To achieve this, we delve into the fundamental concepts of SRad technology, including radio symbiosis and its symbiotic relationships for coexistence and resource sharing among radio systems. We then review the state-of-the-art methodologies in-depth and introduce potential applications. Finally, we identify and discuss the open challenges and future research directions in this field
Living IoT: A Flying Wireless Platform on Live Insects
Sensor networks with devices capable of moving could enable applications
ranging from precision irrigation to environmental sensing. Using mechanical
drones to move sensors, however, severely limits operation time since flight
time is limited by the energy density of current battery technology. We explore
an alternative, biology-based solution: integrate sensing, computing and
communication functionalities onto live flying insects to create a mobile IoT
platform.
Such an approach takes advantage of these tiny, highly efficient biological
insects which are ubiquitous in many outdoor ecosystems, to essentially provide
mobility for free. Doing so however requires addressing key technical
challenges of power, size, weight and self-localization in order for the
insects to perform location-dependent sensing operations as they carry our IoT
payload through the environment. We develop and deploy our platform on
bumblebees which includes backscatter communication, low-power
self-localization hardware, sensors, and a power source. We show that our
platform is capable of sensing, backscattering data at 1 kbps when the insects
are back at the hive, and localizing itself up to distances of 80 m from the
access points, all within a total weight budget of 102 mg.Comment: Co-primary authors: Vikram Iyer, Rajalakshmi Nandakumar, Anran Wang,
In Proceedings of Mobicom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15 pages, 201
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