5,249 research outputs found
Time-lagged autoencoders: Deep learning of slow collective variables for molecular kinetics
Inspired by the success of deep learning techniques in the physical and
chemical sciences, we apply a modification of an autoencoder type deep neural
network to the task of dimension reduction of molecular dynamics data. We can
show that our time-lagged autoencoder reliably finds low-dimensional embeddings
for high-dimensional feature spaces which capture the slow dynamics of the
underlying stochastic processes - beyond the capabilities of linear dimension
reduction techniques
Biomolecular NMR spectroscopy in the era of artificial intelligence
Biomolecular nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and artificial intelligence (AI) have a burgeoning synergy. Deep learning-based structural predictors have forever changed structural biology, yet these tools currently face limitations in accurately characterizing protein dynamics, allostery, and conformational heterogeneity. We begin by highlighting the unique abilities of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy to complement AI-based structural predictions toward addressing these knowledge gaps. We then highlight the direct integration of deep learning approaches into biomolecular NMR methods. AI-based tools can dramatically improve the acquisition and analysis of NMR spectra, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of NMR measurements, thus streamlining experimental processes. Additionally, deep learning enables the development of novel types of NMR experiments that were previously unattainable, expanding the scope and potential of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. Ultimately, a combination of AI and NMR promises to further revolutionize structural biology on several levels, advance our understanding of complex biomolecular systems, and accelerate drug discovery efforts
Deep learning for novel antimicrobial peptide design
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing issue in healthcare as the overuse of antibacterial agents rises during the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for new antibiotics is high, while the arsenal of available agents is decreasing, especially for the treatment of infections by Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are offering a promising route for novel antibiotic development and deep learning techniques can be utilised for successful AMP design. In this study, a long short-term memory (LSTM) generative model and a bidirectional LSTM classification model were constructed to design short novel AMP sequences with potential antibacterial activity against E. coli. Two versions of the generative model and six versions of the classification model were trained and optimised using Bayesian hyperparameter optimisation. These models were used to generate sets of short novel sequences that were classified as antimicrobial or non-antimicrobial. The validation accuracies of the classification models were 81.6–88.9% and the novel AMPs were classified as antimicrobial with accuracies of 70.6–91.7%. Predicted three-dimensional conformations of selected short AMPs exhibited the alpha-helical structure with amphipathic surfaces. This demonstrates that LSTMs are effective tools for generating novel AMPs against targeted bacteria and could be utilised in the search for new antibiotics leads
MSM/RD: Coupling Markov state models of molecular kinetics with reaction-diffusion simulations
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can model the interactions between
macromolecules with high spatiotemporal resolution but at a high computational
cost. By combining high-throughput MD with Markov state models (MSMs), it is
now possible to obtain long-timescale behavior of small to intermediate
biomolecules and complexes. To model the interactions of many molecules at
large lengthscales, particle-based reaction-diffusion (RD) simulations are more
suitable but lack molecular detail. Thus, coupling MSMs and RD simulations
(MSM/RD) would be highly desirable, as they could efficiently produce
simulations at large time- and lengthscales, while still conserving the
characteristic features of the interactions observed at atomic detail. While
such a coupling seems straightforward, fundamental questions are still open:
Which definition of MSM states is suitable? Which protocol to merge and split
RD particles in an association/dissociation reaction will conserve the correct
bimolecular kinetics and thermodynamics? In this paper, we make the first step
towards MSM/RD by laying out a general theory of coupling and proposing a first
implementation for association/dissociation of a protein with a small ligand (A
+ B C). Applications on a toy model and CO diffusion into the heme cavity
of myoglobin are reported
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Deep Learning for Single-Molecule Science
Exploring and making predictions based on single-molecule data can be challenging, not only due to the sheer size of the datasets, but also because a priori knowledge about the signal characteristics is typically limited and poor signal-to-noise ratio. For example, hypothesis-driven data exploration, informed by an expectation of the signal characteristics, can lead to interpretation bias or loss of information. Equally, even when the different data categories are known, e.g., the four bases in DNA sequencing, it is often difficult to know how to make best use of the available information content. The latest developments in Machine Learning (ML), so-called Deep Learning (DL) offers an interesting, new avenues to address such challenges. In some applications, such as speech and image recognition, DL has been able to outperform conventional Machine Learning strategies and even human performance. However, to date DL has not been applied much in single-molecule science, presumably in part because relatively little is known about the 'internal workings' of such DL tools within single-molecule science as a field. In this Tutorial, we make an attempt to illustrate in a step-by-step guide how one of those, a Convolutional Neural Network, may be used for base calling in DNA sequencing applications. We compare it with a Support Vector Machine as a more conventional ML method, and and discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. In particular, a 'deep' neural network has many features of a 'black box', which has important implications on how we look at and interpret data
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