Wireless Valley, Silicon Wadi and Digital Island - Helsinki, Tel Aviv and Dublin in the ICT Boom

In the context of the global production network (GPN) paradigm, this paper considers the combination of local and global factors which have contributed to the development of the ICT clusters in three small countries. Developments in each country reflect the combination of local advantages in human, knowledge and institutional capital and each nation?s global economic and socio-political linkages. A key focus of the paper is the role of each nation?s capital city ? or more accurately the capital city region ? in the development of the ICT cluster. The consequences for the regional distribution of ICT activity within the three countries are discussed, along with the potential technological and competitive implications of this distribution. Initial sections of the paper focus on the factors which underpinned the massive growth of the ICT sector in each country in the latter half of the 1990s. This leads to an assessment of the global market position of each industry and its prospects in any future upturn. The paper considers different aspects of the role of Tel Aviv, Dublin and Helsinki in attracting and supporting ICT development are considered. Symbolic and image factors are considered in terms of the cities? ability to attract internationally mobile human and financial capital. Institutional (e.g. higher education, thickness of financial institutions) and infrastructural factors are also considered in terms of the cities? ability to support and facilitate ICT companies. The role of entrepreneurship is also considered alongside the availability of venture capital etc.

Public policy and strategies to support institutional and technological innovations in the new water economy: the example of innovation technology clusters in developing and diffusing water technologies.

A long list of water technologies has been central to human development throughout history. From the well in ancient times to desalination in the contemporary period, water technologies are needed to produce, distribute and treat water to support human life, industry, agriculture, and environmental health. As human development puts intense pressure on the planet\u27s limited fresh water supplies, society is turning to increasingly innovative water technologies to close the supply-demand gap. The water economy represents a significant share of total economic output it its own right, while at the same time water directly or indirectly underpins all other economic activity. The water technology sector within the water economy has emerged as one of the world’s biggest and most interdisciplinary industries employing scientists, engineers, information technology specialists, and a range of different management and policy professionals. The international market for water technology is large and growing. This market represents a significant business opportunity for individual firms and a local economic development opportunity for regions seeking to develop dynamic industrial clusters that vi provide high paying jobs. This opportunity has motivated governments around the world to pursue policies to support water technology firms in what has historically been a highly fragmented industry which was highly dependent on local investments in public water infrastructure. To understand the growth and development of water technology clusters, this study utilizes a nine-part cluster development strategy developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to support its own clean technology initiatives. The applicability of the model was tested using case studies of six clusters – three in the United States, and one each in The Netherlands, Singapore, and Israel. An analysis of the case studies shows a high correlation between the EPA strategy model and the policies and practices pursued in each cluster. This suggests that this strategy-model could be used by policy makers and planners in other regions as a framework for analyzing growing or mature water technology clusters, or a framework to drive the development of nascent or emerging water technology clusters

Mexico’s global players. A. Great diversity of outward-investing industries in 2008. B. The impact of the global crisis on Mexican MNEs varies by industry in 2009

The foreign assets of the 19 companies ranked in table 1 below totaled about US$97 billion in 2008. Their overseas sales were about US$ 58 billion and the number of their employees abroad was around 190,000. The company in first place, Cemex, is ranked 45th among the 100 largest non-financial MNEs in the world that UNCTAD‘s World Investment Report presented in its 2009 edition. In this same report, in addition to CEMEX, another four Mexican companies appear among the 100 largest non-financial MNEs of developing countries... In 2009, the 20 companies listed in table 1 below posted about US$117 billion in foreign assets, 63 billion in foreign sales, and had 227,484 employees in their overseas operations. The top three companies on the list are CEMEX, America Movil, and Carso Global Telecom, which together controlled US$ 86 billion in foreign assets, which was 73% of the total on the list. The leading sectors on the list are food and beverages (4 firms), non-metallic minerals (4 firms), and telecommunications (2 firms)

The Birth of a New Industry: Entry by Start-ups and the Drivers of Firm Growth. The Case of Encryption Software

The paper analyses the birth of the Encryption Software Industry (ESI), a new niche in the software industry. Using a Chandlerian perspective, this work reports the main facts about firm entry and growth, with a particular focus on start-up strategies and actions. Since scale economies do not play a major role in ESI, the paper investigates the different sources of firm competitive advantages. This work shows that innovation and product differentiation, along with investments in co-specialised assets, are variables strongly correlated to young firm probability to survive and grow. In so doing, we have collected highly detailed information on product introduction, US patents granted, worldwide alliances and biographical data of firm founders.Entry, Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Software.

The Coalition Model, a Private-Public Strategic Innovation Policy Model for Encouraging Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in the Era of New Economic Challenges

Innovation driven entrepreneurial firms have an important role in contributing to job creation, to generating technological innovation and to stimulating the United States economy. However, there is a notable recent decline in emerging growth entrepreneurial activity in the United States. The Coalition Model proposes ways to maximize opportunities for industry, academia and government to collaborate and build sustainable relationships, in order to help convert the current challenges in the U.S. market into opportunities. Designing a new innovation strategy policy will lead the United States in generating innovation, technology and economic growth, as well as help the federal government harness new approaches for institutional change. Adopting the Coalition Model bridges some of the financial inefficiencies and information gaps associated with investment in innovation driven enterprises, but, perhaps, more importantly, will serve as a catalyst for encouraging and stimulating development of new firms and technologies. The model is built on the notion of taking a proactive approach to innovation. Encouraging government agencies to fund research and innovation, by identifying specific technological challenges, determining the course of the research that can benefit their needs, collaborating with audiences in the public sector, research institutions and universities, and private corporations to act on these needs, and advance commercialization efforts. There are several potential benefits to adopting such a proactive policy

The Coalition Model, a Private-Public Strategic Innovation Policy Model For Encouraging Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in the Era Of New Economic Challenges

Innovation driven entrepreneurial firms have an important role in contributing to job creation, generating technological innovation, and stimulating the United States economy. However, there is recently a notable decline in emerging growth entrepreneurial activity in the United States. The Coalition Model proposes ways to maximize opportunities for industry, academia, and government to collaborate and build sustainable relationships, to help convert the current challenges in the U.S. market into opportunities. Designing a new innovation strategy will lead the United States in generating innovation, technology, and economic growth, as well as help the federal government harness new approaches for institutional change. Adopting the Coalition Model (the Model) will not only bridge some of the financial inefficiencies and information gaps associated with investment in innovation driven enterprises, but, perhaps more importantly, will serve as a catalyst for encouraging and stimulating the development of new firms and technologies. The Model is built on the notion of taking a proactive approach to innovation. The model encourages government agencies to fund research and innovation, by identifying specific technological challenges, determining the course of the research that can benefit their needs, collaborating with audiences in the public sector, research institutions, and universities, and private corporations to act on these needs, and advancing commercialization efforts. There are several potential benefits to adopting such a proactive policy. First, it might encourage future engineers, scientists, and innovators to take a risk and become entrepreneurs. Second, it provides direct funding to research and development needs that might not otherwise be used. Third, it can signal that there are opportunities for private investors to invest in such ventures, and perhaps even serve as some sort of certification. Fourth, it will create a direct pathway for small firms to access government procurement. Fifth, it will encourage knowledge spillovers between professionals in government, industry, and academia. Finally, it will increase awareness and incentives for private industry and academia to collaborate with the government. The Model advocates for the Administration to adopt a targeted policy initiative (strategic development tool): the Matchmaker. The Matchmaker is a private-public equity investment fund that will invest in early-stage firms, while also addressing the commercial strategic development needs articulated by the public funding partners—a governmental agency. It will establish a channel for private firms to access government procurement and development. The initiative will function as an autonomous body, and be designed to prevent political capture. The adoption of the strategic Matchmaker fund will be to complement, and not to replace, the private market efforts in financing emerging growth firms

Leaving No One Behind

Crecimiento inclusivo definido por la OCDE como económica crecimiento que se distribuye de manera justa en toda la sociedad y crea Oportunidades para todos. Simplemente puesto, es el crecimiento lo que beneficia todo el mundo. Es cada vez más reconocido internacionalmente que junto con los riesgos sistémicos para el sistema financiero y para la sociedad, desde el cambio climático, es el riesgo sistémico paralelo de hiper global desigualdades Estas son dos caras de la misma moneda: ambas exigir un cambio transformador en los negocios y en la sociedad en La próxima década. Si el crecimiento económico solo lo disfrutan los pocos, no será sostenido por muchos. Igualmente, prosperidad tiene que lograrse dentro de las limitaciones de One Planet. Los líderes empresariales internacionales ya están reconociendo estos desafíos gemelos En abril de 2019, por ejemplo, el Financial Times publicó un artículo de página completa titulado "Por qué los CEOs estadounidenses están preocupados por el futuro del capitalismo ". The Financial Posteriormente, Times ha ejecutado una serie de funciones, OpEds y editoriales sobre el restablecimiento del capitalismo. En agosto de 2019, 180 los principales CEOs corporativos de EE. UU. emitieron un comunicado redefiniendo el Propósito de los negocios. Un año en proceso, esta declaración fue redactado y refinado por los propios CEOs. Allí También ha habido una serie de iniciativas empresariales para "Renovar" o "reimaginar el capitalismo" y promover e inclusión económica. Empresas y liderados por negocios Coaliciones de responsabilidad corporativa en muchas partes del mundo se han unido en estos esfuerzos. Esto incluye Maala: Israel Empresa para la Responsabilidad Social

The Evolution of the Internet of Things Industry and Market in China: An Interplay of Institutions, Demands and Supply

This paper seeks to provide some explanation as to how demand-, supply- and institutions-related factors in China have affected the creation and diffusion of Internet of Things (IoT)-related products and services. Concerning demand side factors the paper demonstrates how potential market size and existing technology trajectory work in favor of IoT diffusion. As a related demand side factor the paper argues that, in terms of the technological trajectory, China has started farther from the frontier than most industrialized countries. The degree of incremental benefit from the IoT is thus higher in the country. As to the supply side factors, the article promotes an understanding of how Chinese technology companies have capitalized on a huge user base to develop IoT-based applications. It also suggests that technologies and expertise provided by foreign multinationals have also played crucial roles. Regarding formal institutions, the government's proactive policies have been a major factor in the IoT's evolution. It is also in the Chinese government's interest to develop IoT products to make censorship and surveillance more effective. Regarding informal institutions, Chinese consumers are less concerned than Westerners about being tracked and monitored, which provides a favorable condition for the adoption of IoT-enabled devices. Nonetheless, this condition is changing due to increasing abuse of consumer privacy. China and the U.S. are compared in terms of diffusion, key determinants, performance indicators and impacts of the IoT in order to understand the areas that China outperforms—and underperforms—the U.S. Some indicators are proposed to gauge the IoT-related performance and the impacts of the IoT

Research and technology program perspectives for general aviation and commuter aircraft

The uses, benefits, and technology needs of the U.S. general aviation industry were studied in light of growing competition from foreign general aviation manufacturers, especially in the commuter and business jet aircraft markets

Export policies and performance in Israel

The aims of this paper are firstly to present a unified description of the Israeli government's export policies and of the growth and composition of Israel's exports and secondly to provide macroeconomic analysis of her export performance. The first section outlines the major policies which the government has adopted to promote exports. In sections 2 and 3 the trends in the volume and composition of exports are described and comparisons made with other countries. The constant market shares model is then used in section 4 to identify the .sources of Israel's export growth in the 1960s. In the final two sections exports are divided into two groups, non-manufactured goods (plus diamonds) and manufactured goods. Greater attention is paid to the latter category, since this is the area in which Israel's prospects for future export expansion are brightest and since it is also the more fruitful category for finding lessons for LDCs seeking to expand exports. Analysis of the factors behind the expansion of Israel's manufactured exports is carried out by means of constant market share analysis and econometric estimation of the aggregate supply function of manufactured exports.