2,077 research outputs found

    Undergraduate Catalog of Studies, 2023-2024

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    Undergraduate Catalog of Studies, 2023-2024

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    Undergraduate Catalog of Studies, 2022-2023

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    Affective, Interpersonal, and Subjective Aspects of Denial in Anosognosia for Hemiplegia: Neuroscientific and Psychoanalytic Perspectives

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    Some patients customarily deny left hand hemiplegia as a consequence of a right hemispheric stroke. Denial is a key aspect in Anosognosia for Hemiplegia, and is also an essential concept in the development and structure of psychoanalytic theory. In research on AHP, denial is approached from neuroscientific perspectives, which include empirical research on several aspects that are relevant in the presentation of the syndrome (e.g. senso-perception, cognition, neuroanatomy, etc.). Psychoanalysis has emphasised intrapsychic, developmental, and defensive aspects based upon clinical observation of mainly non-neurological patients. However, the Cognitive Arrest Hypothesis (a model stemming from psychoanalytic theory) has proposed a view of denial that is in accordance with, or does not contradict empirical evidence on AHP. Both fields have recognised the importance of affective, motivational, interpersonal, and subjective aspects in the presentation of denial. The Cognitive Arrest Hypothesis allows discussing evidences on denial in AHP research, and in psychoanalytic theory, under a common framework of reference. The present thesis aims at opening a debate between these two fields with the goal of demonstrating how can their arguments be of mutual assistance in further comprehending denial. Three research proposals are presented to illustrate practical ways to consider contributions from both fields in future research and clinical directions

    ACOUSTIC SPEECH MARKERS FOR TRACKING CHANGES IN HYPOKINETIC DYSARTHRIA ASSOCIATED WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE

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    Previous research has identified certain overarching features of hypokinetic dysarthria associated with Parkinson’s Disease and found it manifests differently between individuals. Acoustic analysis has often been used to find correlates of perceptual features for differential diagnosis. However, acoustic parameters that are robust for differential diagnosis may not be sensitive to tracking speech changes. Previous longitudinal studies have had limited sample sizes or variable lengths between data collection. This study focused on using acoustic correlates of perceptual features to identify acoustic markers able to track speech changes in people with Parkinson’s Disease (PwPD) over six months. The thesis presents how this study has addressed limitations of previous studies to make a novel contribution to current knowledge. Speech data was collected from 63 PwPD and 47 control speakers using an online podcast software at two time points, six months apart (T1 and T2). Recordings of a standard reading passage, minimal pairs, sustained phonation, and spontaneous speech were collected. Perceptual severity ratings were given by two speech and language therapists for T1 and T2, and acoustic parameters of voice, articulation and prosody were investigated. Two analyses were conducted: a) to identify which acoustic parameters can track perceptual speech changes over time and b) to identify which acoustic parameters can track changes in speech intelligibility over time. An additional attempt was made to identify if these parameters showed group differences for differential diagnosis between PwPD and control speakers at T1 and T2. Results showed that specific acoustic parameters in voice quality, articulation and prosody could differentiate between PwPD and controls, or detect speech changes between T1 and T2, but not both factors. However, specific acoustic parameters within articulation could detect significant group and speech change differences across T1 and T2. The thesis discusses these results, their implications, and the potential for future studies

    Abductive Reasoning with the GPT-4 Language Model: Case studies from criminal investigation, medical practice, scientific research

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    This study evaluates the GPT-4 Large Language Model's abductive reasoning in complex fields like medical diagnostics, criminology, and cosmology. Using an interactive interview format, the AI assistant demonstrated reliability in generating and selecting hypotheses. It inferred plausible medical diagnoses based on patient data and provided potential causes and explanations in criminology and cosmology. The results highlight the potential of LLMs in complex problem-solving and the need for further research to maximize their practical applications.Comment: The article is 12 pages long and has one figure. It also includes a link to some ChatGPT dialogues that show the experiments that support the article's findings. The article will be published in V. Bambini and C. Barattieri di San Pietro (eds.), Sistemi Intelligenti, Special Section "Multidisciplinary perspectives on ChatGPT and the family of Large Language Models

    Produkce diskurzu českých mluvčích s afázií: Explorace s využitím usage-based lingvistiky

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    The research in linguistic aphasiology has been dominated by structuralist, rule-based approaches to the study of langauge. However, recent work has shown that analyses based in constructivist, usage-based frameworks can provide explanations to patterns of language processing in aphasia that are difficult to accommodate in structuralist models. The present work follows up on these findings and aims to provide additional evidence for the benefits of the usage-based model by using data from Czech speakers with aphasia, an understudied language in this context. The aims of the study were threefold: to create a collection of samples of aphasic connected speech available to other researchers, to provide a description of the patterns of aphasic discourse production in Czech, and, most importantly, to show potential benefits of usage-based construction grammar for aphasia research. A corpus of the speech of eleven persons with fluent and non-fluent aphasia of varying degrees of severity was created. The corpus consist of more than 23000 word position produced by speakers with aphasia in tasks used to elicit conversational, narrative, descriptive, and procedural discourse. The corpus is lemmatized and morphologically tagged and the transcripts are aligned with audio recordings. A smaller sample of three,...Výzkum v lingvistické afaziologii využíval po dlouhou dobu především strukturalistické přístupy založené na pravidlech. Některé výsledky z poslední doby však ukazují, že konstruktivistické přístupy založené na užívání jazyka (usage-based přístup) dokážou vysvětlit některá specifika zpracování jazyka v afázii, která jsou ve strukturalistickém rámci obtížně vysvětlitelná. Předkládaná dizertační práce navazuje na tyto výzkumy a klade si za cíl předložit další důkazy pro výhodnost usage-přístupu. Využívá přitom data z češtiny, která je v afaziologickém výzkumu značně podreprezentovaná. Práce si stanovila tři cíle: jednak shromáždit projevy českých mluvčích s afázií, které by byly přístupné dalším výzkumníkům, dále podat detailní popis produkce diskurzu v afázii v češtině a konečně ukázat některé přednosti usage-based přístupu pro afaziologii. V rámci práce byl vytvořen korpus jedenácti mluvčích s fluentní a nefluentní afázií s různými stupni závažnosti poruchy. Korpus obsahuje přes 23000 slovních pozic vyprodukovaných mluvčími s afázií sebranými s využitím úkolů, jejichž cílem bylo elicitovat konverzační, narativní, deskriptivní a procedurální diskurz. Korpus je lematizován a morfologicky označkován. Dále je v něm zahrnut menší vzorek řečové produkce tří neurotypických mluvčích se srovnatelnými...Ústav českého jazyka a teorie komunikaceInstitute of Czech Language and Theory of CommunicationFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

    Drones, Signals, and the Techno-Colonisation of Landscape

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    This research project is a cross-disciplinary, creative practice-led investigation that interrogates increasing military interest in the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). The project’s central argument is that painted visualisations of normally invisible aspects of contemporary EMS-enabled warfare can reveal useful, novel, and speculative but informed perspectives that contribute to debates about war and technology. It pays particular attention to how visualising normally invisible signals reveals an insidious techno-colonisation of our extended environment from Earth to orbiting satellites

    Context and uncertainty in decisions from experience

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    From the moment we wake up each morning, we are faced with countless choices. Should we press snooze on our alarm? Have toast or cereal for breakfast? Bring an umbrella? Agree to work on that new project? Go to the gym or eat a whole pizza while watching Netflix? The challenge when studying decision-making is to collapse these diverse scenarios into feasible experimental methods. The standard theoretical approach is to represent options using outcomes and probabilities and this has provided a rationale for studying decisions using gambling tasks. These tasks typically involve repeated choices between a single pair of options and outcomes that are determined probabilistically. Thus, the two sections in this thesis ask a simple question: are we missing something by using pairs of options that are divorced from the context in which we make choices outside the psychology laboratory? The first section focuses on the impact of extreme outcomes within a decision context. Chapter 2 addresses whether there is a rational explanation for why these outcomes appear in decisions from experience and numerous other cognitive domains. Chapters 3-5 describe six experiments that distinguish between plausible theories based on whether they measure extremity as categorical, ordinal, or continuous; whether extremity refers to the centre, the edges, or neighbouring outcomes; whether outcomes are represented as types or tokens; and whether extreme outcomes are defined using temporal or distributional characteristics. In the second section, we shift our focus to how people perceive uncertainty. We examine a distinction between uncertainty that is attributed to inadequate knowledge and uncertainty that is attributed to an inherently random process. Chapter 6 describes three experiments that examine whether allowing participants to map their uncertainty onto observable variability leads them to perceive it as potentially resolvable rather than purely stochastic. We then examine how this influences whether they seek additional information. In summary, the experiments described in these two sections demonstrate the importance of context and uncertainty in understanding how we make decisions

    Predicting and preventing relapse of depression in primary care: a mixed methods study

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    BackgroundMost people with depression are managed in primary care. Relapse (reemergence of depression symptoms after improvement) is common and contributes to the burden and morbidity associated with depression. There is a lack of evidence-based approaches for risk-stratifying people according to risk of relapse and for preventing relapse in primary care.MethodsIn this mixed methods study, I initially reviewed studies looking to predict relapse of depression across all settings. I then attempted to derive and validate a prognostic model to predict relapse within 6-8 months in a primary care setting, using multilevel logistic regression analysis on individual participant data from seven studies (n=1244). Concurrently, a qualitative workstream, using thematic analysis, explored the perspectives of general practitioners (GPs) and people with lived experience of depression around relapse risk and prevention in practice.ResultsThe systematic review identified eleven models; none could currently be implemented in a primary care setting. The prognostic model developed in this study had inadequate predictive performance on internal validation (Cstatistic 0.60; calibration slope 0.81). I carried out twenty-two semi-structured interviews with GPs and twenty-three with people with lived experience of depression. People with lived experience of depression and GPs reflected that a discussion around relapse would be useful but was not routinely offered. Both participant groups felt there would be benefits to relapse prevention for depression being embedded within primary care.ConclusionsWe are currently unable to accurately predict an individual’s risk ofdepression relapse. The longer-term care of people with depression ingeneral practice could be improved by enabling continuity of care, increased consistency and clarity around follow-up arrangements, and focussed discussions around relapse risk and prevention. Scalable, brief relapse prevention interventions are needed, which would require policy change and additional resource. We need to better understand existing interventions and barriers to implementation in practice
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