Caracterització i classificació de mosts, vins i caves mitjançant la seva composició elemental determinada per ICP-OES i ICP-MS

Treballs Finals de Grau de Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2021, Tutors: Javier Vicente Saurina Purroy, Jose Fermín López SánchezThe control of the composition of food products with Protected Designation of Origin like wines and sparkling wines is essential to detect fraudulent practices and adulterations, and one of these controls corresponds to the determination of their elemental composition. To do so, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) have been found as the best techniques, with the possibility of carrying out multi-element measurements in a short period of time and with easy and straightforward sample pre-treatments. This way, samples of must, wine and sparkling wine of two different varieties (Pinot Noir and Xarel·lo) have been characterized by ICP techniques, to determine their metal composition and classify them according to their quality, geographical origin and oenological practices. For this purpose, Principal Components Analysis, box plot diagrams and bar charts have been used. Different markers and trends among samples have been found and related to the changes resulting from the different steps of the sparkling wines production process. Finally, the soils from where these samples come from have been extracted and characterized by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Data processing has allowed to classify them according to their geographical origin, as well as to find some trends in their metal content connected to the must

Characterization of Musts, Wines, and Sparkling Wines Based on Their Elemental Composition Determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS

t: Samples from the different processing stages in the elaboration of sparkling wine (cava) including must, base wine, and sparkling wine of Pinot Noir and Xarel·lo grape varieties from different vineyard qualities (A, B, C, D) have been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques to determine their elemental composition. The resulting data has been used to characterize these products according to oenological features and product qualities. For this purpose, box plot diagrams, bar charts, and principal components analysis (PCA) have been used. The study of the behavior of each given species has pointed out the relevance of some elements as markers or descriptors of winemaking processes. Among others, Cu and K are abundant in musts and their concentrations progressively decrease through the cava production process. S levels suddenly increase at the base wine step (and further decay) due to the addition of sulfites as preserving agents. Finally, concentrations of Na, Ca, Fe, and Mg increase from the first fermentation due to the addition of clarifying agents such as bentonite. PCA has been applied to try to extract solid and global conclusions on trends and chemical markers within the groups of samples more easily and efficiently than more conventional approaches

Food forensics

The food market nowadays accounts for huge incomes and therefore it is an easy target for falsification. This recalls the urgency for reliable and powerful diagnostic techniques, in order to develop analytical protocols for identification of frauds. MS-based strategies of analysis are definitely suitable for this task and have become in the last years of paramount importance in the field of food forensics. Sophisticated techniques have been developed that request short times of analysis and allow the identification of specific parameters, useful as classification markers. The wide range of techniques available [i.e. isotopic analysis, inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), hyphenated systems, stand-alone systems] allow to address a wide range of analytical questions pertaining to food authentication and traceability

Wine Traceability

Wine traceability is a central theme in the current world market where consumers are increasingly demanding the quality and origin of food and drink. The wine production chain and wine composition are generally controlled by different laws (International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), European Union (EU), and national governments) and need specific documentation. Nevertheless, wine production is subject to fraud. Consequently, the improvement of the methods applied to verify the origin and quality of wines is very important to protect wine consumers and producers. In this book, eight different papers—six research papers and two reviews—address the topic from different points of view

Wine Cunterfeiting: Development of fast, non-destructive and multifactorial laser-based spectrochemical methods for authentication of bottled wine

378 p.La presente Tesis Doctoral pretende avanzar en el desarrollo de una herramienta analítica que permita certificar la autenticidad de un vino de forma inequívoca mediante técnicas analíticas no invasivas (es decir, prácticamente inapreciable a simple vista) como son la ablación laser con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo-espectrometría de masas (LA-ICPMS) y las espectroscopias Raman e Infrarroja, que permiten el análisis de una muestra sólida sin necesidad de procesarla y sin inducir degradación o alteración apreciable alguna. Mediante la metodología desarrollada se pretende establecer el perfil elemental y molecular del vidrio, el papel, la tinta y la cápsula de las botellas de vino

Wine Cunterfeiting: Development of fast, non-destructive and multifactorial laser-based spectrochemical methods for authentication of bottled wine

378 p.La presente Tesis Doctoral pretende avanzar en el desarrollo de una herramienta analítica que permita certificar la autenticidad de un vino de forma inequívoca mediante técnicas analíticas no invasivas (es decir, prácticamente inapreciable a simple vista) como son la ablación laser con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo-espectrometría de masas (LA-ICPMS) y las espectroscopias Raman e Infrarroja, que permiten el análisis de una muestra sólida sin necesidad de procesarla y sin inducir degradación o alteración apreciable alguna. Mediante la metodología desarrollada se pretende establecer el perfil elemental y molecular del vidrio, el papel, la tinta y la cápsula de las botellas de vino

Abordagens multivariadas para seleção de variáveis com vistas à classificação e predição de propriedades de amostras

A seleção de variáveis é uma etapa importante para a análise de dados, visto que identifica os subconjuntos de variáveis mais informativas para a construção de modelos precisos de classificação e predição. Além disso, a seleção de variáveis facilita a interpretação e análise dos modelos obtidos, potencialmente reduzindo o tempo computacional de geração dos modelos e o custo/tempo para obtenção das amostras. Neste contexto, a presente tese apresenta proposições inovadoras de abordagens com vistas à seleção de variáveis para classificação e predição de propriedades de amostras de produtos diversos. Tais abordagens são abordadas em três artigos apresentados nesta tese, com intuito de melhorar a precisão dos modelos de classificação e predição em diferentes áreas. No primeiro artigo, integram-se índices de importância de variáveis a sistemáticas de classificação hierárquica para categorizar amostras de espumantes de acordo com seu país de origem. No segundo artigo, para selecionar as variáveis mais informativas para a predição de amostras via PLS, propõe-se um índice de importância de variáveis baseado na Lei de Lambert-Beer combinado a um processo iterativo de seleção do tipo forward. Por fim, o terceiro artigo utilizou cluster de variáveis espectrais e índice de importância para selecionar as variáveis que produzem modelos de predição mais consistentes. Em todos os artigos dessa tese, os resultados obtidos pelos métodos propostos foram superiores quando comparados a outros métodos tradicionais da literatura voltados à identificação das variáveis mais informativas.Variable selection is an important step in data analysis, since it identifies the most informative subsets of variables for build accurate classification and prediction models. In addition, variable selection improves the interpretation and analysis of obtained models, reduces the computational time to build models and reduces the obtained samples costs. In this context, this thesis presents propositions for a variable selection method aiming to classifying and predicting sample properties. Such methods are presented in three papers in this thesis, in order to improve the classification and prediction accuracy in different areas. In first paper, we applied variable importance index coupled with a hierarchical classification technique to identify the country of origin of sparkling wines. In second paper, to select the most informative variables for prediction, a variable improtance index was built based on Lambert-Beer law and an iterative forward process was performed. Finally, in third paper was used clustering of variables and variable importance index to select the variables that produce more consistent prediction models. In all papers of this thesis, when conpared to other traditional methods, our proposition obtained better results

Distributing portuguese table wine in the USA : José Maria da Fonseca, starting in Azeitão and managing foreign distribution channels

José Maria da Fonseca is the Portuguese company in which this teaching case in based on. The Case Study is followed by a teaching note, and is intended to support Marketing classes, both in undergraduate or graduate levels. The company, the oldest table wine producer in the country and owned by the same family for seven generations, exports more than 70% of its production. It has clear international roots, exporting since the nineteenth century. Among its main markets there are countries as different as Brazil, Sweden, Canada or the United States of America. The focus of this case study is on the U.S. market. In 2011 the U.S. was the major wine consumer in the world, particularly diverse concerning the population and with State-specific regulations in what comes to distribution. The three-tier distribution system and all the collected taxes increase the complexity of the exports to this market and turn price into a very sensitive element to distribution changes. In order to find the best approach to increase the success in such an overseas market, JMF Marketing Director goes, during the case, through an analysis of the marketing environment, consumer trends and competition. Particularly considering the importance of a Representative in the overseas market, and the key relevance of relationships with the chosen Distributor, students are invited to equate different distribution possibilities and advantages, the resulting prices and the adequateness of the Product Portfolio to the segments, their needs and the competitive environment. This case provides students, mainly those in the Marketing field, with an opportunity to increase their experience on marketing strategy issues in exporting, understanding issues that firms face when formulating an implementing marketing plans, particularly in what comes to distribution and product. Recommendations cover topics such as product line stretching, different disintermediation levels and pricing calculations supported by quantitative and qualitative data. Getting closer to real-life business decisions in export markets, the case readers are given the tools to solve the presented dilemma and recommend the case protagonist the most strategically defensible action possibility

A review of representative methods used in wine authentication

Authenticity and the methods for determining fraud are two of the most important issues in the field of quality control and food safety. In the winemaking field, the study of authenticity is all the more necessary, with wine being one of the most adulterated foods, as the monthly reports of the European Commission show. This results in a two-fold problem: consumer expectations are not met and there is a disloyal competition among wine producers in the field. Authenticity has been a priority research direction worldwide for centuries. Today, researchers are working on improving already existing methods of authenticity monitoring, but also on creating new ones. The intention is to have results that are as accurate, fast and inexpensive as possible for confirmation or rejection of the hypothesis. The bibliographic study of the literature undertaken for the development of this article aims to identify the classical methods of establishing authenticity, describe them and establish their degree of efficiency. Moreover, a review of the current research trends is presented in this work