Modeling and design of an electromagnetic actuation system for the manipulation of microrobots in blood vessels

Tese de mestrado integrado em Física, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015A navegação de nano/microdispositivos apresenta um grande potencial para aplicações biomédicas, oferecendo meios de diagnóstico e procedimentos terapêuticos no interior do corpo humano. Dada a sua capacidade de penetrar quase todos os materiais, os campos magnéticos são naturalmente adequados para controlar nano/microdispositivos magnéticos em espaços inacessíveis. Uma abordagem recente é o uso de um aparelho personalizado, capaz de controlar campos magnéticos. Esta é uma área de pesquisa prometedora, mas mais simulações e experiências são necessárias para avaliar a viabilidade destes sistemas em aplicações clínicas. O objectivo deste projecto foi a simulação e desenho de um sistema de atuação eletromagnética para estudar a locomoção bidimensional de microdispositivos. O primeiro passo foi identificar, através da análise de elementos finitos, usando o software COMSOL, diferentes configurações de bobines que permitiriam o controlo de dispositivos magnéticos em diferentes escalas. Baseado nos resultados das simulações, um protótipo de um sistema de atuação magnética para controlar dispositivos com mais de 100 m foi desenhado e construído de raiz, tendo em conta restrições de custos. O sistema consistiu num par de bobines de Helmholtz e rotacionais e um par de bobines de Maxwell dispostas no mesmo eixo. Além disso, componentes adicionais tiveram de ser desenhados ou selecionados para preencher os requisitos do sistema. Para a avaliação do sistema fabricado, testes preliminares foram realizados. A locomoção do microrobot foi testada em diferentes direções no plano x-y. As simulações e experiências confirmaram que é possível controlar a força magnética e o momento da força que atuam num microdispositivo através do campos produzidos pelas bobines de Maxwell e Helmholtz, respectivamente. Assim, este tipo de atuação magnética parece ser uma forma adequada de transferência de energia para futuros microdispositivos biomédicos.Navigation of nano/microdevices has great potential for biomedical applications, offering a means for diagnosis and therapeutic procedures inside the human body. Due to their ability to penetrate most materials, magnetic fields are naturally suited to control magnetic nano/microdevices in inaccessible spaces. One recent approach is the use of custom-built apparatus capable of controlling magnetic devices. This is a promising area of research, but further simulation studies and experiments are needed to estimate the feasibility of these systems in clinical applications. The goal of this project was the simulation and design of an electromagnetic actuation system to study the two dimensional locomotion of microdevices. The first step was to identify, through finite element analysis using software COMSOL, different coil configurations that would allow the control of magnetic devices at different scales. Based on the simulation results, a prototype of a magnetic actuation system to control devices with more than 100 m was designed and built from the ground up, taking into account cost constraints. The system comprised one pair of rotational Helmholtz coils and one pair of rotational Maxwell coils placed along the same axis. Furthermore, additional components had to be designed or selected to fulfil the requirements of the system. For the evaluation of the fabricated system, preliminary tests were carried out. The locomotion of a microdevice was tested along different directions in the x-y plane. The simulations and experiments confirmed that it is possible to control the magnetic force and torque acting on a microdevice through the fields produced by Maxwell and Helmholtz coils, respectively. Thus, this type of magnetic actuation seems to provide a suitable means of energy transfer for future biomedical microdevices

Study on Magnetic Control Systems of Micro-Robots

Magnetic control systems of micro-robots have recently blossomed as one of the most thrilling areas in the field of medical treatment. For the sake of learning how to apply relevant technologies in medical services, we systematically review pioneering works published in the past and divide magnetic control systems into three categories: stationary electromagnet control systems, permanent magnet control systems and mobile electromagnet control systems. Based on this, we ulteriorly analyze and illustrate their respective strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, aiming at surmounting the instability of magnetic control system, we utilize SolidWorks2020 software to partially modify the SAMM system to make its final overall thickness attain 111 mm, which is capable to control and observe the motion of the micro-robot under the microscope system in an even better fashion. Ultimately, we emphasize the challenges and open problems that urgently need to be settled, and summarize the direction of development in this field, which plays a momentous role in the wide and safe application of magnetic control systems of micro-robots in clinic

Novel Locomotion Methods in Magnetic Actuation and Pipe Inspection

There is much room for improvement in tube network inspections of jet aircraft. Often, these inspections are incomplete and inconsistent. In this paper, we develop a Modular Robotic Inspection System (MoRIS) for jet aircraft tube networks and a corresponding kinematic model. MoRIS consists of a Base Station for user control and communication, and robotic Vertebrae for accessing and inspecting the network. The presented and tested design of MoRIS can travel up to 9 feet in a tube network. The Vertebrae can navigate in all orientations, including smooth vertical tubes. The design is optimized for nominal 1.5 outside diameter tubes. We developed a model of the Locomotion Vertebra in a tube. We defined the model\u27s coordinate system and its generalized coordinates. We studied the configuration space of the robot, which includes all possible orientations of the Locomotion Vertebra. We derived the expression for the elastic potential energy of the Vertebra\u27s suspensions and minimized it to find the natural settling orientation of the robot. We further explore the effect of the tractive wheel\u27s velocity constraint on locomotion dynamics. Finally, we develop a general model for aircraft tube networks and for a taut tether. Stabilizing bipedal walkers is a engineering target throughout the research community. In this paper, we develop an impulsively actuated walking robot. Through the use of magnetic actuation, for the first time, pure impulsive actuation has been achieved in bipedal walkers. In studying this locomotion technique, we built the world\u27s smallest walker: Big Foot. A dynamical model was developed for Big Foot. A Heel Strike and a Constant Pulse Wave Actuation Schemes were selected for testing. The schemes were validated through simulations and experiments. We showed that there exists two regimes for impulsive actuation. There is a regime for impact-like actuation and a regime for longer duration impulsive actuation

Guidage magnétique par champs de dipôles pour l’administration ciblée d’agents thérapeutiques

Les chimiothérapies modernes utilisées pour le traitement des cancers consistent souvent à l’injection systémique de molécules toxiques dont généralement une infime partie atteint la tumeur. Pour augmenter l’efficacité de ces traitements et réduire leurs effets secondaires, une solution consiste à guider magnétiquement des agents thérapeutiques afin de les diriger dans le réseau vasculaire, à partir du point d’injection directement vers la zone à traiter. Ceci peut être accompli en appliquant des champs et des gradients magnétiques de manière contrôlée sur les agents, qui sont alors soumis à des forces de propulsion permettant de les attirer à travers les bifurcations artérielles désirées. Pour le guidage de micro-agents, cette approche requiert des champs et des gradients magnétiques forts. Le champ permet de magnétiser les agents et doit idéalement être suffisamment fort pour les amener à saturation magnétique. Les gradients (variations spatiales du champ) peuvent alors induire des forces magnétiques de propulsion, mais doivent atteindre une certaine amplitude pour que ces forces soient suffisantes. Avec les limites technologiques actuelles, il est difficile de rencontrer ces deux critères pour le guidage de micro-agents à l’échelle humaine. Dans les tissus profonds, les méthodes existantes sont généralement limitées à des champs de <0.1T et des gradients de <400 mT/m, ou peuvent générer un champ assez fort pour obtenir une magnétisation à saturation mais au détriment de gradients faibles (e.g. <100mT/m ou typiquement <40 mT/m). Dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche, une nouvelle méthode de guidage magnétique, baptisée guidage par champs de dipôles, ou Dipole Field Navigation (DFN), est proposée et étudiée pour surmonter les limitations des méthodes précédentes pour le guidage de micro-agents. Contrairement aux autres méthodes de guidage magnétique, DFN bénéficie à la fois d’un champ magnétique fort et de gradients d’amplitudes élevées dans les tissus profonds chez l’humain. Ceci est accompli à l’aide de corps ferromagnétiques précisément positionnés autour du patient à l’intérieur d’un appareil clinique d’imagerie par résonance magnétique. Ces appareils génèrent un puissant champ magnétique, typiquement de 1.5-3 T, qui est suffisant pour atteindre la saturation magnétique des agents. Les corps ferromagnétiques ont pour effet de distordre le champ de l’appareil de sorte que des gradients excédant 400mT/m peuvent être générés à une profondeur de 10 cm dans le patient. Grâce aux distorsions complexes du champ autour de ceux-ci, il est théoriquement possible d’induire, dans une certaine mesure, les forces magnétiques nécessaires au guidage des agents le long de trajectoires prédéfinies dans le réseau vasculaire. Le paramétrage adéquat d’une disposition de corps ferromagnétiques, dont le nombre requis est a priori inconnu, est toutefois complexe et doit être effectué en fonction de la trajectoire vasculaire désirée, spécifique à chaque patient. Différentes contraintes reliées à l’environnement d’IRM, dont l’espace restreint à l’intérieur de l’appareil, doivent également être prises en compte. Ainsi, des modèles et algorithmes d’optimisation permettant de résoudre ce problème sont développés et présentés. Le fonctionnement de la méthode est validé in vitro par le guidage de particules à travers des réseaux ayant jusqu’à trois bifurcations consécutives avec un taux de ciblage supérieur à 90%. Il est démontré que la taille et la forme des corps ferromagnétiques peuvent être variées afin d’augmenter les capacités de génération de gradients. En particulier, les formes de disque et de demie-sphère sont identifiées comme étant les plus efficaces. Par ailleurs, l’environnement d’IRM n’étant typiquement pas compatible avec la présence de matériaux magnétiques, les effets des corps ferromagnétiques sur l’imagerie sont étudiés. Il est démontré que l’imagerie demeure possible, dans une certaine mesure malgré les distorsions, dans des régions spécifiques autour d’une sphère magnétisée à l’intérieur de l’appareil. La qualité des images obtenues dans ces conditions est suffisante pour permettre de valider le succès du ciblage. Ainsi, des vérifications périodiques du déroulement de l’intervention seraient possibles en éloignant momentanément le ou les corps ferromagnétiques du patient. D’autre part, à cause des forces magnétiques exercées sur ceux-ci, le nombre et la taille des corps ferromagnétiques doivent être limités afin de faciliter leur insertion et leur positionnement sécuritaire dans l’appareil. Bien que certaines trajectoires puissent nécessiter plusieurs corps ferromagnétiques de grande taille, un certain compromis doit donc être recherché par rapport à la qualité des gradients générés. Enfin, le potentiel de la méthode pour le guidage de microagents dans les tissus profonds chez l’humain est évalué en utilisant un modèle du réseau vasculaire du foie d’un patient. Les résultats indiquent que, pour des trajectoires vasculaires multi-bifurcations relativement complexes, un compromis est inévitable entre les amplitudes et la précision angulaire des gradients générés. Par exemple, des gradients d’environ 150mT/m ont été obtenus pour le guidage à travers trois bifurcations consécutives dans ce modèle, mais avec une erreur angulaire moyenne d’environ 20_. Finalement, les capacités de DFN à générer des gradients forts dépendent de nombreux paramètres, comme la complexité et la profondeur de la trajectoire vasculaire visée, mais peuvent, selon les conditions, surpasser grandement celles des méthodes existantes pour le guidage de micro-agents dans les tissus profonds. À la lumière des résultats présentés dans cette thèse, le potentiel de la méthode est prometteur et justifie la poursuite du projet, notamment vers la réalisation des premiers essais in vivo. À ce titre, différentes pistes de recherches et de travaux futurs sont discutées.----------ABSTRACT Modern chemotherapies used in cancer treatment often involve the systemic administration of toxic molecules, of which usually a tiny fraction reaches the tumor. To increase the efficacy of these treatments while significantly reducing their secondary effects, a solution consists in magnetically guiding therapeutic agents in the vascular network, from an injection point directly towards the diseased site. This can be accomplished by applying controlled combinations of magnetic fields and gradients on the agents, which are then subjected to propulsive directional forces that can be used to steer them through the desired arterial bifurcations. For the navigation of micro-agents, this approach requires both a strong magnetic field and high gradients. The field strength is required to magnetize the agents and is ideally high enough to bring them at saturation magnetization. The gradients (spatial variations of the field) can then induce magnetic propulsion forces, but must reach a certain magnitude so that these forces are sufficient. Because of current technological limitations, it is challenging to meet both criteria for the navigation of micro-agents at the human scale. In deep tissues, current methods are in fact usually limited to <0.1T fields and <400mT/m gradients, or can provide the field to reach saturation magnetization but at the expense of weak gradients (e.g. <100mT/m or typically <40 mT/m). In this research project, a new method dubbed Dipole Field Navigation (DFN) is proposed and studied to overcome the limitations of existing magnetic navigation methods for guiding micro-agents. Unlike other methods, DFN can provide both a strong magnetic field and high gradients in deep tissues for whole-body interventions. This is achieved by precisely positioning ferromagnetic cores around the patient inside a clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Conventional scanners generate a strong magnetic field, typically of 1.5-3 T, which is sufficient to bring the agents at saturation magnetization. The ferromagnetic cores distort the scanner’s field such that gradients exceeding 400mT/m can be generated at a 10 cm depth inside the patient. Due to the complex distortion patterns around the cores, it is theoretically possible to induce, to a certain extent, the magnetic forces required for navigating agents along predefined vascular routes. The parameterization of core configurations, in which the required number of cores is a priori unknown, is however complex and must be performed according to the specific vasculature of a given patient. Several constraints related to the MRI environment must also be considered, such as the limited space inside the scanner. Therefore, models and optimization algorithms are developed and presented for solving this problem. The feasibility of the method is validated in vitro by guiding particles through up to three consecutive bifurcations, achieving a targeting efficiency of over 90%. It is shown that the size and shape of the cores can be varied to increase the capabilities of the method for generating gradients. In particular, discs and hemispheres are shown to be the most effective shapes. Moreover, the MRI environment typically no being compatible with the presence of magnetic materials, the effects of the cores on imaging are studied. It is shown that, despite distortions, imaging is still possible, to a certain extent, in specific regions around a magnetized sphere placed in the scanner. The images obtained in these conditions are of sufficient quality for targeting assessment. Thus, periodic validations of the procedure could be achieved by momentarily moving the cores away from the patient. On another hand, due to the potentially strong magnetic forces exerted on the cores, their number and sizes must be limited to ensure their safe insertion and positioning in the scanner. Consequently, although the navigation in some vascular routes may require several large ferromagnetic cores, a certain compromise must be made with respect to the quality of the gradients generated. Finally, the potential of the method for guiding micro-agents in a human vasculature in deep tissues is evaluated using the vascular model of a patient liver. The results indicate that, for relatively complex vascular routes having multiple bifurcations, a compromise is also required between the amplitudes and the angular precision of the gradients. For example, gradient strengths around 150mT/m were obtained for routes having three consecutive bifurcations in this model, but with an average angular error of about 20_. Overall, the capabilities of DFN for generating strong gradients depend on several parameters, such as the complexity and depth of the desired vascular route, but can in a range of cases greatly exceed those achievable by previous methods for the navigation of micro-agents in deep tissues. In view of the results presented in this thesis, the promising potential of DFN motivates the continuation of this project, in particular towards the first in vivo experiments. As such, different avenues of research and future works are discussed

Stepper microactuators driven by ultrasonic power transfer

Advances in miniature devices for biomedical applications are creating ever-increasing requirements for their continuous, long lasting, and reliable energy supply, particularly for implanted devices. As an alternative to bulky and cost inefficient batteries that require occasional recharging and replacement, energy harvesting and wireless power delivery are receiving increased attention. While the former is generally only suited for low-power diagnostic microdevices, the latter has greater potential to extend the functionality to include more energy demanding therapeutic actuation such as drug release, implant mechanical adjustment or microsurgery. This thesis presents a novel approach to delivering wireless power to remote medical microdevices with the aim of satisfying higher energy budgets required for therapeutic functions. The method is based on ultrasonic power delivery, the novelty being that actuation is powered by ultrasound directly rather than via piezoelectric conversion. The thesis describes a coupled mechanical system remotely excited by ultrasound and providing conversion of acoustic energy into motion of a MEMS mechanism using a receiving membrane coupled to a discrete oscillator. This motion is then converted into useful stepwise actuation through oblique mechanical impact. The problem of acoustic and mechanical impedance mismatch is addressed. Several analytical and numerical models of ultrasonic power delivery into the human body are developed. Major design challenges that have to be solved in order to obtain acceptable performance under specified operating conditions and with minimum wave reflections are discussed. A novel microfabrication process is described, and the resulting proof-of-concept devices are successfully characterized.Open Acces

Concept, modeling and experimental characterization of the modulated friction inertial drive (MFID) locomotion principle:application to mobile microrobots

A mobile microrobot is defined as a robot with a size ranging from 1 in3 down to 100 µm3 and a motion range of at least several times the robot's length. Mobile microrobots have a great potential for a wide range of mid-term and long-term applications such as minimally invasive surgery, inspection, surveillance, monitoring and interaction with the microscale world. A systematic study of the state of the art of locomotion for mobile microrobots shows that there is a need for efficient locomotion solutions for mobile microrobots featuring several degrees of freedom (DOF). This thesis proposes and studies a new locomotion concept based on stepping motion considering a decoupling of the two essential functions of a locomotion principle: slip generation and slip variation. The proposed "Modulated Friction Inertial Drive" (MFID) principle is defined as a stepping locomotion principle in which slip is generated by the inertial effect of a symmetric, axial vibration, while the slip variation is obtained from an active modulation of the friction force. The decoupling of slip generation and slip variation also has lead to the introduction of the concept of a combination of on-board and off-board actuation. This concept allows for an optimal trade-off between robot simplicity and power consumption on the one hand and on-board motion control on the other hand. The stepping motion of a MFID actuator is studied in detail by means of simulation of a numeric model and experimental characterization of a linear MFID actuator. The experimental setup is driven by piezoelectric actuators that vibrate in axial direction in order to generate slip and in perpendicular direction in order to vary the contact force. After identification of the friction parameters a good match between simulation and experimental results is achieved. MFID motion velocity has shown to depend sinusoidally on the phase shift between axial and perpendicular vibration. Motion velocity also increases linearly with increasing vibration amplitudes and driving frequency. Two parameters characterizing the MFID stepping behavior have been introduced. The step efficiency ηstep expresses the efficiency with which the actuator is capable of transforming the axial vibration in net motion. The force ratio qF evaluates the ease with which slip is generated by comparing the maximum inertial force in axial direction to the minimum friction force. The suitability of the MFID principle for mobile microrobot locomotion has been demonstrated by the development and characterization of three locomotion modules with between 2 and 3 DOF. The microrobot prototypes are driven by piezoelectric and electrostatic comb drive actuators and feature a characteristic body length between 20 mm and 10 mm. Characterization results include fast locomotion velocities up to 3 mm/s for typical driving voltages of some tens of volts and driving frequencies ranging from some tens of Hz up to some kHz. Moreover, motion resolutions in the nanometer range and very low power consumption of some tens of µW have been demonstrated. The advantage of the concept of a combination of on-board and off-board actuation has been demonstrated by the on-board simplicity of two of the three prototypes. The prototypes have also demonstrated the major advantage of the MFID principle: resonance operation has shown to reduce the power consumption, reduce the driving voltage and allow for simple driving electronics. Finally, with the fabrication of 2 × 2 mm2 locomotion modules with 2 DOF, a first step towards the development of mm-sized mobile microrobots with on-board motion control is made

Wireless capsule endoscope for targeted drug delivery

The diagnosis and treatment of pathologies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are performed routinely by gastroenterologists using endoscopes and colonoscopes, however the small intestinal tract is beyond the reach of these conventional systems. Attempts have been made to access the small intestines with wireless capsule endoscopes (WCE). These pill-sized cameras take pictures of the intestinal wall and then relay them back for evaluation. This practice enables the detection and diagnosis of pathologies of the GI tract such as Crohn's disease, small intestinal tumours such as lymphoma and small intestinal cancer. The problems with these systems are that they have limited diagnostic capabilities and they do not offer the ability to perform therapy to the affected areas leaving only the options of administering large quantities of drugs or surgical intervention. To address the issue of administering therapy in the small intestinal tract this thesis presents an active swallowable microrobotic platform which has novel functionality enabling the microrobot to treat pathologies through a targeted drug delivery system. This thesis first reviews the state-of-the-art in WCE through the evaluation of current and past literature. A review of current practises such as flexible sigmoidoscopy, virtual colonoscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy are presented. The following sections review the state-of-the-art in methods of resisting peristalsis, drug targeting systems and drug delivery. A review of actuators is presented, in the context of WCE, with a view to evaluate their acceptability in adding functionality to current WCEs. The thesis presents a novel biologically-inspired holding mechanism which overcomes the issue of resisting natural peristalsis in the GI tract. An analysis of the two components of peristaltic force, circumferential and longitudinal peristaltic contractions, are presented to ensure correct functionality of the holding mechanism. A detailed analysis of the motorised method employed to deploy the expanding mechanism is described and a 5:1 scale prototype is presented which characterises the gearbox and validates the holding mechanism. The functionality of WCE is further extended by the inclusion of a novel targeting mechanism capable of delivering a metered dose of medication to a target site of interest in the GI tract. A solution to the problem of positioning a needle within a 360 degree envelope, operating the needle and safely retracting the needle in the GI tract is discussed. A comprehensive analysis of the mechanism to manoeuvre the needle is presented and validation of the mechanism is demonstrated through the evaluation of scale prototypes. Finally a drug delivery system is presented which can expel a 1 ml dose of medication, stored onboard the capsule, into the subcutaneous tissue of the GI tract wall. An analysis of the force required to expel the medication in a set period of time is presented and the design and analysis of a variable pitch conical compression spring which will be used to deliver the medication is discussed. A thermo mechanical trigger mechanism is presented which will be employed to release the compressed conical spring. Experimental results using 1:1 scale prototype parts validate the performance of the mechanisms.Open Acces

Design, analysis and trajectory tracking control of underactuated mobile capsule robots.

The research on capsule robots (capsubots) has received attraction in recent years because of their compactness, simple structure and their potential use in medical diagnosis (e.g. capsule endoscopy), treatment and surgical assistance. The medical diagnostic capability of a capsule endoscope - which moves with the aid of visceral peristalsis - in the GI (gastro-intestinal) tract can be improved by adding propulsion to it e.g. legged, magnetic or capsubot-type propulsion. Driven by the above needs this thesis presents the design, analysis, trajectory tracking control and implementation of underactuated mobile capsule robots. These capsule robots can be modified and used in in-vivo medical applications. Researches on the capsubottype underactuated system focus on the stabilization of the robot and tracking the actuated configuration. However trajectory tracking control of an unactuated configuration (i.e. the robotmotion)was not considered in the literature though it is the primary requirement of any mobile robot and also crucial for many applications such as in-vivo inspection. Trajectory tracking control for this class of underactuated mechanical systems is still an open issue. This thesis presents a strategy to solve this issue. This thesis presents three robots namely a one-dimensional (1D) capsule robot, a 2D capsule robot and a 2D hybrid capsule robot with incremental capability. Two new acceleration profiles (utroque and contrarium) for the inner mass (IM) - internal moving part of the capsule robot - are proposed, analysed and implemented for the motion generation of the capsule robots. This thesis proposes a two-stage control strategy for the motion control of an underactuated capsule robot. A segment-wise trajectory tracking algorithm is developed for the 1D capsule robot. Theoretical analysis of the algorithm is presented and simulation is performed in the Matlab/Simulink environment based on the theoretical analysis. The algorithm is implemented in the developed capsule robot, the experimentation is performed and the results are critically analyzed. A trajectory tracking control algorithm combining segment-wise and behaviour-based control is proposed for the 2D capsule robot. Detailed theoretical analysis is presented and the simulation is performed to investigate the robustness of the trajectory tracking algorithm to friction uncertainties. A 2D capsule robot prototype is developed and the experimentation is performed. A novel 2D hybrid robot with four modes of operation - legless motion mode, legged motion mode, hybrid motion mode and anchoring mode - is also designed which uses one set of actuators in all operating modes. The theoretical analysis, modelling and simulation is performed. This thesis demonstrates effective ways of propulsion for in-vivo applications. The outer-shape of the 1D and 2D capsule robots can be customized according to the requirement of the applications, as the propulsion mechanisms are completely internal. These robots are also hermetically sealable (enclosed) which is a safety feature for the in-vivo robots. This thesis addresses the trajectory tracking control of the capsubot-type robot for the first time. During the experimentation the 1D robot prototype tracks the desired position trajectory with some error (relative mean absolute error: 16%). The trajectory tracking performance for the 2D capsubot improves as the segment time decreases whereas tracking performance declines as the friction uncertainty increases. The theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results validate the proposed acceleration profiles and trajectory tracking control algorithms. The designed hybrid robot combines the best aspects of the legless and legged motions. The hybrid robot is capable of stopping in a suspected region and remain stationary for a prolonged observation for the in-vivo applications while withstanding the visceral peristalsis

Climbing and Walking Robots

With the advancement of technology, new exciting approaches enable us to render mobile robotic systems more versatile, robust and cost-efficient. Some researchers combine climbing and walking techniques with a modular approach, a reconfigurable approach, or a swarm approach to realize novel prototypes as flexible mobile robotic platforms featuring all necessary locomotion capabilities. The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of the latest wide-range achievements in climbing and walking robotic technology to researchers, scientists, and engineers throughout the world. Different aspects including control simulation, locomotion realization, methodology, and system integration are presented from the scientific and from the technical point of view. This book consists of two main parts, one dealing with walking robots, the second with climbing robots. The content is also grouped by theoretical research and applicative realization. Every chapter offers a considerable amount of interesting and useful information