Бесконтактный метод контроля температуры при высокочастотной сварке тканей

Запропоновано метод температурного контролю при високочастотному зварюванні м'яких живих тканин, який дозволяє досліджувати розподіл температурних полів в біологічних тканинах для врахування дії скін-ефекту при прохожденні струму в процесі електрохірургічних втручань. Моніторинг температури при з'єднанні живих м'яких біологічних тканин щляхом зварювання, дозволяє контролювати енергію, яку необхідно подавати в обсязі достатньому для формування постійної деструкції тканини міокарда.In the paper a method of temperature monitoring for high frequency welding of soft tissues is presented. The method enables to investigate the distribution of temperature fields in biological tissues. This allows to assess the influence of the skin effect on current passage in a process of electrosurgical interventions.The present paper describes an investigation of distribution of temperature fields in biological tissues affected by electrosurgery upon use of an infrared thermograph. In the experiment, the dynamics of temperature distribution in the tissue was registered upon using thermal imaging cameras FLIR i7. Ablation of the tissues by HF current was performed with ЕКВЗ-300 unit (E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute). Most important result of application of the method of temperature monitoring is an establishment of the moment for removal of the electrodes that ensures an avoidance of carbonization of the cardiac tissues during their ablation.Предложен метод температурного контроля при высокочастотной сварке мягких живых тканей, который позволяет исследовать распределение температурних полей в биологических тканях для учета действия скин-эффекта при прохождении тока в процессе электрохирургических вмешательств. Мониторинг температуры при соединении живих мягких биологических тканей путем сварки позволяет контролировать энергию, которую необходимо подавать в объеме,достаточном для формирования постоянной деструкции ткани миокарда

NASA Tech Briefs Index, 1978

Approximately 601 announcements of new technology derived from the research and development activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are presented. Emphasis is placed on information considered likely to be transferrable across industrial, regional, or disciplinary lines. Subject matter covered includes: electronic components and circuits; electron systems; physical sciences; materials; life sciences; mechanics; machinery; fabrication technology; and mathematics and information sciences

Investigation of Thermal Spread during Electrosurgical Coagulation in Neurosurgery.

This study investigates the thermal spread during electrosurgical coagulation and develops a tissue-mimicking phantom material for electrosurgical simulator. Bipolar coagulation is an important procedure to control bleeding in neurosurgery. However, the thermal damage caused by electrosurgical coagulation can lead to postoperative issues and is detrimental to a patient's long-term recovery. This study aims to quantify the thermal spread during coagulation experimentally and numerically, and to develop a phantom material as a training tool that allows the education of surgeons for the use of electrosurgical devices. Thermal profiles of coagulation on porcine spinal cord using bipolar forceps, including stainless steel, titanium, heat-pipe embedded, and SILVERGlide forceps, are experimentally measured. The heating and cooling effects of each forceps are compared. The heat-pipe embedded and SILVERGlideTM forceps have less heating effect and allow for a precision coagulation. Heat-pipe embedded forceps also show the best cooling efficiency at high temperature. A comprehensive numerical model, with multi-physics, thermal and electrical fields, and two phases, liquid and solid, is developed to predict tissue spatial and temporal temperature, as well as the thermal dose during coagulation. It is important to incorporate the fluid phase, because when the coagulation is performed with the existence of cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid layer is subject to the electrical field and has an electrothermally induced flow which changes the temperature distribution. Modeling techniques to account for the water evaporation, change of material properties due to water loss, and tissue fusion during the coagulation process are also developed. The averaged error of the temperature predicted by the model is 4.2 %. A systematic approach is developed to formulate gellan gum-based tissue-mimicking phantom with targeted elastic modulus, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. A spinal cord-like phantom is made based on this approach and has close (<3% error) properties to spinal cord tissue. This phantom is validated to be able to reproduce the temperature response as spinal cord tissue and can be used to build a clinical simulator for electrosurgery.PHDMechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97905/1/krchen_1.pd

NASA Tech Briefs Index 1978

Tech Briefs are short announcements of new technology derived from the research and development activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. These briefs emphasize information considered likely to be transferrable across industrial, regional, or disciplinary lines and are issued to encourage commercial application. This Index to NASA Tech Briefs contains abstracts and four indexes -- subject, personal author, originating Center, and Tech Brief number -- for 1978 Tech Briefs

NASA Tech Briefs, Fall 1978

Topics covered: NASA TU Services: Technology Utilization services that can assist you in learning about and applying NASA technology; New Product Ideas: A summary of selected innovations of value to manufacturers for the development of new products; Electronic Components and Circuits; Electronic Systems; Physical Sciences; Materials; Life Sciences; Mechanics; Machinery; Fabrication Technology; Mathematics and Information Sciences

Mapeamento prospectivo de fatores de risco no sistema sociotécnico de assistência à saúde

Orientador: Saide Jorge CalilTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: O grande número de mortes evitáveis na área de saúde revela a necessidade de mudar o mo-do como o sistema lida com eventos adversos. Apesar de esforços para promover uma abor-dagem sistêmica ao gerenciamento de risco, a cultura da culpa ainda predomina. O resultado é a resistência generalizada à investigação de incidentes e a incapacidade de promover mu-danças sistêmicas duradouras. O problema é amplificado pelo uso de ferramentas que se limitam aos fatores de risco no nível do ambiente de trabalho. O objetivo primário deste estudo é desenvolver um método prospectivo para mapear fatores de risco em múltiplos ní-veis hierárquicos do sistema de cuidado à saúde que possam contribuir com a ocorrência de eventos adversos no ambiente de trabalho. A maior parte das referências usadas nesta pes-quisa está associada a fatores de risco e gerenciamento de risco no cuidado à saúde, a mode-los de formação de acidentes e a ferramentas de gerenciamento de risco aplicadas na área de cuidado à saúde e em outras áreas. Como nenhum sistema ou ferramenta única pareceu completamente compatível com o objetivo primário deste trabalho, um conjunto básico de conceitos de gerenciamento de risco foi extraído das referências, especialmente do modelo do `Queijo Suíço¿ de Reason e da estrutura sociotécnica de Rasmussen. Os conceitos foram agrupados num modelo de formação de acidentes híbrido que abrange interações entre ele-mentos do ambiente de trabalho e malhas de controle sociotécnicas. O modelo foi então usa-do como base para o desenvolvimento de um método prospectivo para o mapeamento de fatores de risco. Devido aos requisitos de escopo, o Mapa de Fatores de Risco resultante to-ma emprestados elementos estruturais do AcciMap, de Rasmussen e pode mesmo ser consi-derado como inspirado por ele, embora tenha como foco análises prospectivas, não investi-gações retrospectivas de incidentes críticos. Três estudos de caso foram feitos como teste para o método: o primeiro foi baseado num relatório de avaliação de risco feito com uma ferramenta diferente de gerenciamento de risco; o segundo se concentrou no nível regulató-rio do sistema brasileiro de cuidado à saúde; e o terceiro foi um mapa genérico de fatores de risco baseado na literatura sobre bombas de infusão. Os resultados mostram que o método pode ser usado prospectivamente e que ele abrange os múltiplos níveis hierárquicos do sis-tema sociotécnico de cuidado à saúde. A natureza distinta dos estudos de caso mostra que o método é flexível o bastante para ser aplicado a uma variedade de objetivos e escopos e, se adaptado, também a outras áreas. O Mapa de Fatores de Risco é trabalhoso e a qualidade das análises depende da experiência dos analistas, mas estudos adicionais são necessários para avaliar sua efetividade em comparação com outras ferramentas de avaliação de risco, espe-cialmente o AcciMap. Outra limitação do Mapa de Fatores de Risco é sua natureza predomi-nantemente qualitativa, que reduz sua utilidade para a priorização de correções no sistema. Pesquisas futuras podem reduzir essa limitação pela integração dos Mapas de Fatores de Risco com dados quantitativos de sistemas de notificação de incidentesAbstract: The high volume of preventable deaths in health care reveals the necessity of adjusting how the system deals with adverse events. Despite efforts to promote a systemic approach to risk management, the culture of blame is still prevalent. The result is a general resistance to in-vestigating incidents and inability to promote lasting systemic changes. The problem is am-plified by the use of tools limited to risk factors at the workspace level of the system. The primary objective of this study is to develop a prospective method to map risk factors at mul-tiple hierarchical levels of the health care system that may contribute to the occurrence of adverse events at the workspace level. Most references used in this research are related to risk factors and risk management in health care, to accident causation models, and to risk management tools employed in health care and elsewhere. Because no single system or tool seemed fully compatible with the primary objective, a set of basic risk management concepts was extracted from the references, especially Reason¿s Swiss Cheese Model and Rasmus-sen¿s Socio-Technical framework. The concepts were assembled into a hybrid accident cau-sation model that encompasses both workspace element interactions and socio-technical controls. The model was then used as the foundation for developing a prospective risk fac-tors mapping method. Due to scope requirements, the resulting Risk Factors Map borrows structure elements from Rasmussen¿s AcciMap and may be considered inspired by it, though it is focused on prospective analyses, not retrospective critical incident investigations. Three case studies were conducted as a test of the method: the first one was based on a risk assessment report made with a different risk management tool, the second was focused at the regulatory level of the Brazilian health care system, and the third one was a generic Risk Factors Map based on the literature on infusion pumps. The results show the method can be used prospectively and it encompasses the multiple hierarchical levels of the socio-technical health care system. The distinct nature of the case studies shows the method is flexible enough to be applied to a variety of objectives and scopes and, with adaptations, also to oth-er domains. The Risk Factors Map requires much time to be completed and the quality of analyses depends on the expertise of the analysts, but additional studies are required to as-sess its effectiveness in comparison with other risk assessment tools, especially the Acci-Map. Another limitation of the Risk Factors Map is its predominantly qualitative nature, which reduces its usefulness for prioritizing system corrections. Further research may re-duce this limitation by integrating Risk Factors Maps with quantitative data from incident report systemsDoutoradoEngenharia BiomedicaDoutor em Engenharia Elétrica141021/2009-8CNP

Mastering Endo-Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery

This is an open access book. The book focuses mainly on the surgical technique, OR setup, equipments and devices necessary in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). It serves as a compendium of endolaparoscopic surgical procedures. It is an official publication of the Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgeons of Asia (ELSA). The book includes various sections covering basic skills set, devices, equipments, OR setup, procedures by area. Each chapter cover introduction, indications and contraindications, pre-operative patient’s assessment and preparation, OT setup (instrumentation required, patient’s position, etc.), step by step description of surgical procedures, management of complications, post-operative care. It includes original illustrations for better understanding and visualization of specific procedures. The book serves as a practical guide for surgical residents, surgical trainees, surgical fellows, junior surgeons, surgical consultants and anyone interested in MIS. It covers most of the basic and advanced laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery procedures meeting the curriculum and examination requirements of the residents

Mastering Endo-Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery

This is an open access book. The book focuses mainly on the surgical technique, OR setup, equipments and devices necessary in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). It serves as a compendium of endolaparoscopic surgical procedures. It is an official publication of the Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgeons of Asia (ELSA). The book includes various sections covering basic skills set, devices, equipments, OR setup, procedures by area. Each chapter cover introduction, indications and contraindications, pre-operative patient’s assessment and preparation, OT setup (instrumentation required, patient’s position, etc.), step by step description of surgical procedures, management of complications, post-operative care. It includes original illustrations for better understanding and visualization of specific procedures. The book serves as a practical guide for surgical residents, surgical trainees, surgical fellows, junior surgeons, surgical consultants and anyone interested in MIS. It covers most of the basic and advanced laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery procedures meeting the curriculum and examination requirements of the residents

Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints

Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering

Medical Robotics

The first generation of surgical robots are already being installed in a number of operating rooms around the world. Robotics is being introduced to medicine because it allows for unprecedented control and precision of surgical instruments in minimally invasive procedures. So far, robots have been used to position an endoscope, perform gallbladder surgery and correct gastroesophogeal reflux and heartburn. The ultimate goal of the robotic surgery field is to design a robot that can be used to perform closed-chest, beating-heart surgery. The use of robotics in surgery will expand over the next decades without any doubt. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is a revolutionary approach in surgery. In MIS, the operation is performed with instruments and viewing equipment inserted into the body through small incisions created by the surgeon, in contrast to open surgery with large incisions. This minimizes surgical trauma and damage to healthy tissue, resulting in shorter patient recovery time. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the state-of-art, to present new ideas, original results and practical experiences in this expanding area. Nevertheless, many chapters in the book concern advanced research on this growing area. The book provides critical analysis of clinical trials, assessment of the benefits and risks of the application of these technologies. This book is certainly a small sample of the research activity on Medical Robotics going on around the globe as you read it, but it surely covers a good deal of what has been done in the field recently, and as such it works as a valuable source for researchers interested in the involved subjects, whether they are currently “medical roboticists” or not