Ecological IVIS design : using EID to develop a novel in-vehicle information system

New in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) are emerging which purport to encourage more environment friendly or ‘green’ driving. Meanwhile, wider concerns about road safety and in-car distractions remain. The ‘Foot-LITE’ project is an effort to balance these issues, aimed at achieving safer and greener driving through real-time driving information, presented via an in-vehicle interface which facilitates the desired behaviours while avoiding negative consequences. One way of achieving this is to use ecological interface design (EID) techniques. This article presents part of the formative human-centred design process for developing the in-car display through a series of rapid prototyping studies comparing EID against conventional interface design principles. We focus primarily on the visual display, although some development of an ecological auditory display is also presented. The results of feedback from potential users as well as subject matter experts are discussed with respect to implications for future interface design in this field

Analysis of the Use of Interaction Design in the Interface of In-vehicle Multimedia Platform

Aiming at the interface design of in-vehicle multimedia platform, with interaction design as the core, this paper analyzes the important role played by interaction design in the interface design of in-vehicle multimedia platform. By analyzing the definition of interaction design and the characteristics of in-vehicle multimedia platform, this paper proposes how to use interaction design in the interface design of in-vehicle multimedia platform. The advantages of interaction design in user experience, usability and efficiency of in-vehicle multimedia platform are analyzed in detail with examples, and the corresponding solutions are proposed for the problems in the interface design of in-vehicle multimedia platform

Modelling and evaluating drivers’ interactions with in-vehicle information systems (IVIS)

Evaluating the usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) guides engineers in understanding the interaction design limitations of current systems and assessing the potential of concept technologies. The complexity and diversity of the driving task presents a unique challenge in defining usability: user-IVIS interactions create a dual-task scenario, in which conflicts can arise between the primary driving tasks and secondary IVIS tasks. This, and the safety-critical nature of driving, must be specified in defining and evaluating IVIS usability.Work was carried out in the initial phases of this project to define usability for IVIS and to develop a framework for evaluation. One of the key findings of this work was the importance of context-of-use in defining usability, so that specific usability criteria and appropriate evaluation methods can be identified. The evaluation methods in the framework were categorised as either analytic, i.e. applicable at the earliest stages of product development to predict performance and usability; or empirical, i.e. to measure user performance under simulated or real-world conditions. Two case studies have shown that the evaluation framework is sensitive to differences between IVIS and can identify important usability issues, which can be used to inform design improvements.The later stages of the project have focussed on Multimodal Critical Path Analysis (CPA). Initially, CPA was used to predict IVIS task interaction times for a stationary vehicle. The CPA model was extended to produce fastperson and slowperson task time estimates, as well as average predictions. In order for the CPA to be of real use to designers of IVIS, it also needed to predict dual-task IVIS interaction times, i.e. time taken to perform IVIS tasks whilst driving. A hypothesis of shared glances was developed, proposing that drivers are able to monitor two visual information sources simultaneously. The CPA technique was extended for prediction of dual-task interaction times by modelling this shared glance pattern. The hypothesis has important implications for theories of visual behaviour and for the design of future IVIS

Designing an Adaptive Interface: Using Eye Tracking to Classify How Information Usage Changes Over Time in Partially Automated Vehicles

While partially automated vehicles can provide a range of benefits, they also bring about new Human Machine Interface (HMI) challenges around ensuring the driver remains alert and is able to take control of the vehicle when required. While humans are poor monitors of automated processes, specifically during ‘steady state’ operation, presenting the appropriate information to the driver can help. But to date, interfaces of partially automated vehicles have shown evidence of causing cognitive overload. Adaptive HMIs that automatically change the information presented (for example, based on workload, time or physiologically), have been previously proposed as a solution, but little is known about how information should adapt during steady-state driving. This study aimed to classify information usage based on driver experience to inform the design of a future adaptive HMI in partially automated vehicles. The unique feature of this study over existing literature is that each participant attended for five consecutive days; enabling a first look at how information usage changes with increasing familiarity and providing a methodological contribution to future HMI user trial study design. Seventeen participants experienced a steady-state automated driving simulation for twenty-six minutes per day in a driving simulator, replicating a regularly driven route, such as a work commute. Nine information icons, representative of future partially automated vehicle HMIs, were displayed on a tablet and eye tracking was used to record the information that the participants fixated on. The results found that information usage did change with increased exposure, with significant differences in what information participants looked at between the first and last trial days. With increasing experience, participants tended to view information as confirming technical competence rather than the future state of the vehicle. On this basis, interface design recommendations are made, particularly around the design of adaptive interfaces for future partially automated vehicles

Gesturing on the steering wheel, a comparison with speech and touch interaction modalities

This paper compares an emergent interaction modality for the In-Vehicle Infotainment System (IVIS), i.e., gesturing on the steering wheel, with two more popular modalities in modern cars: touch and speech. We conducted a betweensubjects experiment with 20 participants for each modality to assess the interaction performance with the IVIS and the impact on the driving performance. Moreover, we compared the three modalities in terms of usability, subjective workload and emotional response. The results showed no statically significant differences between the three interaction modalities regarding the various indicators for the driving task performance, while significant differences were found in measures of IVIS interaction performance: users performed less interactions to complete the secondary tasks with the speech modality, while, in average, a lower task completion time was registered with the touch modality. The three interfaces were comparable in all the subjective metrics

Queuing Network Modeling of Human Multitask Performance and its Application to Usability Testing of In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems.

Human performance of a primary continuous task (e.g., steering a vehicle) and a secondary discrete task (e.g., tuning radio stations) simultaneously is a common scenario in many domains. It is of great importance to have a good understanding of the mechanisms of human multitasking behavior in order to design the task environments and user interfaces (UIs) that facilitate human performance and minimize potential safety hazards. In this dissertation I investigated and modeled human multitask performance with a vehicle-steering task and several typical in-vehicle secondary tasks. Two experiments were conducted to investigate how various display designs and control modules affect the driver's eye glance behavior and performance. A computational model based on the cognitive architecture of Queuing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP) was built to account for the experiment findings. In contrast to most existing studies that focus on visual search in single task situations, this dissertation employed experimental work that investigates visual search in multitask situations. A modeling mechanism for flexible task activation (rather than strict serial activations) was developed to allow the activation of a task component to be based on the completion status of other task components. A task switching scheme was built to model the time-sharing nature of multitasking. These extensions offer new theoretical insights into visual search in multitask situations and enable the model to simulate parallel processing both within one task and among multiple tasks. The validation results show that the model could account for the observed performance differences from the empirical data. Based on this model, a computer-aided engineering toolkit was developed that allows the UI designers to make quantitative prediction of the usability of design concepts and prototypes. Scientifically, the results of this dissertation research offer additional insights into the mechanisms of human multitask performance. From the engineering application and practical value perspective, the new modeling mechanism and the new toolkit have advantages over the traditional usability testing methods with human subjects by enabling the UI designers to explore a larger design space and address usability issues at the early design stages with lower cost both in time and manpower.PHDIndustrial and Operations EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113590/1/fredfeng_1.pd

Intravehicular, Short- and Long-Range Communication Information Fusion for Providing Safe Speed Warnings

Inappropriate speed is a relevant concurrent factor in many traffic accidents. Moreover, in recent years, traffic accidents numbers in Spain have fallen sharply, but this reduction has not been so significant on single carriageway roads. These infrastructures have less equipment than high-capacity roads, therefore measures to reduce accidents on them should be implemented in vehicles. This article describes the development and analysis of the impact on the driver of a warning system for the safe speed on each road section in terms of geometry, the presence of traffic jams, weather conditions, type of vehicle and actual driving conditions. This system is based on an application for smartphones and includes knowledge of the vehicle position via Ground Positioning System (GPS), access to intravehicular information from onboard sensors through the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, vehicle data entry by the driver, access to roadside information (short-range communications) and access to a centralized server with information about the road in the current and following sections of the route (long-range communications). Using this information, the system calculates the safe speed, recommends the appropriate speed in advance in the following sections and provides warnings to the driver. Finally, data are sent from vehicles to a server to generate new information to disseminate to other users or to supervise drivers’ behaviour. Tests in a driving simulator have been used to define the system warnings and Human Machine Interface (HMI) and final tests have been performed on real roads in order to analyze the effect of the system on driver behavior

Ambient hues and audible cues: An approach to automotive user interface design using multi-modal feedback

The use of touchscreen interfaces for in-vehicle information, entertainment, and for the control of comfort settings is proliferating. Moreover, using these interfaces requires the same visual and manual resources needed for safe driving. Guided by much of the prevalent research in the areas of the human visual system, attention, and multimodal redundancy the Hues and Cues design paradigm was developed to make touchscreen automotive user interfaces more suitable to use while driving. This paradigm was applied to a prototype of an automotive user interface and evaluated with respects to driver performance using the dual-task, Lane Change Test (LCT). Each level of the design paradigm was evaluated in light of possible gender differences. The results of the repeated measures experiment suggests that when compared to interfaces without both the Hues and the Cues paradigm applied, the Hues and Cues interface requires less mental effort to operate, is more usable, and is more preferred. However, the results differ in the degradation in driver performance with interfaces that only have visual feedback resulting in better task times and significant gender differences in the driving task with interfaces that only have auditory feedback. Overall, the results reported show that the presentation of multimodal feedback can be useful in design automotive interfaces, but must be flexible enough to account for individual differences

Draft guidelines concerning E&D issues: The TELSCAN handbook of design guidelines for usability of systems by elderly and disabled drivers and travellers. Version 2

Draft guidelines concerning E&D issues: The TELSCAN handbook of design guidelines for usability of systems by elderly and disabled drivers and travellers. Version

차량용 헤드업 디스플레이 설계에 관한 인간공학 연구

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 산업공학과, 2020. 8. 박우진.Head-up display (HUD) systems were introduced into the automobile industry as a means for improving driving safety. They superimpose safety-critical information on top of the drivers forward field of view and thereby help drivers keep their eyes forward while driving. Since the first introduction about three decades ago, automotive HUDs have been available in various commercial vehicles. Despite the long history and potential benefits of automotive HUDs, however, the design of useful automotive HUDs remains a challenging problem. In an effort to contribute to the design of useful automotive HUDs, this doctoral dissertation research conducted four studies. In Study 1, the functional requirements of automotive HUDs were investigated by reviewing the major automakers' automotive HUD products, academic research studies that proposed various automotive HUD functions, and previous research studies that surveyed drivers HUD information needs. The review results indicated that: 1) the existing commercial HUDs perform largely the same functions as the conventional in-vehicle displays, 2) past research studies proposed various HUD functions for improving driver situation awareness and driving safety, 3) autonomous driving and other new technologies are giving rise to new HUD information, and 4) little research is currently available on HUD users perceived information needs. Based on the review results, this study provides insights into the functional requirements of automotive HUDs and also suggests some future research directions for automotive HUD design. In Study 2, the interface design of automotive HUDs for communicating safety-related information was examined by reviewing the existing commercial HUDs and display concepts proposed by academic research studies. Each display was analyzed in terms of its functions, behaviors and structure. Also, related human factors display design principles, and, empirical findings on the effects of interface design decisions were reviewed when information was available. The results indicated that: 1) information characteristics suitable for the contact-analog and unregistered display formats, respectively, are still largely unknown, 2) new types of displays could be developed by combining or mixing existing displays or display elements at both the information and interface element levels, and 3) the human factors display principles need to be used properly according to the situation and only to the extent that the resulting display respects the limitations of the human information processing, and achieving balance among the principles is important to an effective design. On the basis of the review results, this review suggests design possibilities and future research directions on the interface design of safety-related automotive HUD systems. In Study 3, automotive HUD-based take-over request (TOR) displays were developed and evaluated in terms of drivers take-over performance and visual scanning behavior in a highly automated driving situation. Four different types of TOR displays were comparatively evaluated through a driving simulator study - they were: Baseline (an auditory beeping alert), Mini-map, Arrow, and Mini-map-and-Arrow. Baseline simply alerts an imminent take-over, and was always included when the other three displays were provided. Mini-map provides situational information. Arrow presents the action direction information for the take-over. Mini-map-and-Arrow provides the action direction together with the relevant situational information. This study also investigated the relationship between drivers initial trust in the TOR displays and take-over and visual scanning behavior. The results indicated that providing a combination of machine-made decision and situational information, such as Mini-map-and-Arrow, yielded the best results overall in the take-over scenario. Also, drivers initial trust in the TOR displays was found to have significant associations with the take-over and visual behavior of drivers. The higher trust group primarily relied on the proposed TOR displays, while the lower trust group tended to more check the situational information through the traditional displays, such as side-view or rear-view mirrors. In Study 4, the effect of interactive HUD imagery location on driving and secondary task performance, driver distraction, preference, and workload associated with use of scrolling list while driving were investigated. A total of nine HUD imagery locations of full-windshield were examined through a driving simulator study. The results indicated the HUD imagery location affected all the dependent measures, that is, driving and task performance, drivers visual distraction, preference and workload. Considering both objective and subjective evaluations, interactive HUDs should be placed near the driver's line of sight, especially near the left-bottom on the windshield.자동차 헤드업 디스플레이는 차내 디스플레이 중 하나로 운전자에게 필요한 정보를 전방에 표시함으로써, 운전자가 운전을 하는 동안 전방으로 시선을 유지할 수 있게 도와준다. 이를 통해 운전자의 주의 분산을 줄이고, 안전을 향상시키는데 도움이 될 수 있다. 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템은 약 30년 전 운전자의 안전을 향상시키기 위한 수단으로 자동차 산업에 처음 도입된 이래로 현재까지 다양한 상용차에서 사용되고 있다. 안전과 편의 측면에서 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 사용은 점점 더 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 이러한 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 잠재적 이점과 발전 가능성에도 불구하고, 유용한 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이를 설계하는 것은 여전히 어려운 문제이다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 해결하고, 궁극적으로 유용한 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 설계에 기여하고자 총 4가지 연구를 수행하였다. 첫 번째 연구는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 기능 요구 사항과 관련된 것으로서, 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템을 통해 어떤 정보를 제공할 것인가에 대한 답을 구하고자 하였다. 이에 주요 자동차 제조업체들의 헤드업 디스플레이 제품들과, 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 다양한 기능들을 제안한 학술 연구, 그리고 운전자의 정보 요구 사항들을 체계적 문헌 고찰 방법론을 통해 포괄적으로 조사하였다. 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 기능적 요구 사항에 대하여 개발자, 연구자, 사용자 측면을 모두 고려한 통합된 지식을 전달하고, 이를 통해 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 기능 요구 사항에 대한 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다. 두 번째 연구는 안전 관련 정보를 제공하는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 인터페이스 설계와 관련된 것으로, 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템을 통해 안전 관련 정보를 어떻게 제공할 것인가에 대한 답을 구하고자 하였다. 실제 자동차들의 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템에서는 어떤 디스플레이 컨셉들이 사용되었는지, 그리고 학계에서 제안된 디스플레이 컨셉들에는 어떤 것들이 있는지 체계적 문헌 고찰 방법론을 통해 검토하였다. 검토된 결과는 각 디스플레이의 기능과 구조, 그리고 작동 방식에 따라 정리되었고, 관련된 인간공학적 디스플레이 설계 원칙과 실험적 연구 결과들을 함께 검토하였다. 검토된 결과를 바탕으로 안전 관련 정보를 제공하는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 인터페이스 설계에 대한 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다. 세 번째 연구는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 기반의 제어권 전환 관련 인터페이스 설계와 평가에 관한 것이다. 제어권 전환이란, 자율주행 상태에서 운전자가 직접 운전을 하는 수동 운전 상태로 전환이 되는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 갑작스런 제어권 전환 요청이 발생하는 경우, 운전자가 안전하게 대처하기 위해서는 빠른 상황 파악과 의사 결정이 필요하게 되고, 이를 효과적으로 도와주기 위한 인터페이스 설계에 대해 연구할 필요성이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 기반의 총 4개의 제어권 전환 관련 디스플레이(기준 디스플레이, 미니맵 디스플레이, 화살표 디스플레이, 미니맵과 화살표 디스플레이)를 제안하였고, 제안된 디스플레이 대안들은 주행 시뮬레이터 실험을 통해 제어권 전환 수행 능력과 안구의 움직임 패턴, 그리고 사용자의 주관적 평가 측면에서 평가되었다. 또한 제안된 디스플레이 대안들에 대해 운전자들의 초기 신뢰도 값을 측정하여 각 디스플레이에 따른 운전자들의 평균 신뢰도 점수에 따라 제어권 전환 수행 능력과 안구의 움직임 패턴, 그리고 주관적 평가가 어떻게 달라지는지 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 제어권 전환 상황에서 자동화된 시스템이 제안하는 정보와 그와 관련된 주변 상황 정보를 함께 제시해 주는 디스플레이가 가장 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 또한 각 디스플레이에 대한 운전자의 초기 신뢰도 점수는 디스플레이의 실제 사용 행태와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 신뢰도 점수에 따라 신뢰도가 높은 그룹과 낮은 그룹으로 분류되었고, 신뢰도가 높은 그룹은 제안된 디스플레이들이 보여주는 정보를 주로 믿고 따르는 경향이 있었던 반면, 신뢰도가 낮은 그룹은 룸 미러나 사이드 미러를 통해 주변 상황 정보를 더 확인 하는 경향을 보였다. 네 번째 연구는 전면 유리창에서의 인터랙티브 헤드업 디스플레이의 최적 위치를 결정하는 것으로서 주행 시뮬레이터 실험을 통해 디스플레이의 위치에 따라 운전자의 주행 수행 능력, 인터랙티브 디스플레이 조작 관련 과업 수행 능력, 시각적 주의 분산, 선호도, 그리고 작업 부하가 평가되었다. 헤드업 디스플레이의 위치는 전면 유리창에서 일정한 간격으로 총 9개의 위치가 고려되었다. 본 연구에서 활용된 인터랙티브 디스플레이는 음악 선택을 위한 스크롤 방식의 단일 디스플레이였고, 운전대에 장착된 버튼을 통해 디스플레이를 조작하였다. 실험 결과, 인터랙티브 헤드업 디스플레이의 위치가 모든 평가 척도, 즉 주행 수행 능력, 디스플레이 조작 과업 수행 능력, 시각적 주의 분산, 선호도, 그리고 작업 부하에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 모든 평가 지표를 고려했을 때, 인터랙티브 헤드업 디스플레이의 위치는 운전자가 똑바로 전방을 바라볼 때의 시야 구간, 즉 전면 유리창에서의 왼쪽 아래 부근이 가장 최적인 것으로 나타났다.Abstract i Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 8 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 11 Chapter 2 Functional Requirements of Automotive Head-Up Displays: A Systematic Review of Literature from 1994 to Present 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Method 15 2.3 Results 17 2.3.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 17 2.3.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 28 2.3.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 35 2.4 Discussion 39 2.4.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 39 2.4.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 44 2.4.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 48 Chapter 3 A Literature Review on Interface Design of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Communicating Safety-Related Information 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Method 52 3.3 Results 55 3.3.1 Commercial Automotive HUDs Presenting Safety-Related Information 55 3.3.2 Safety-Related HUDs Proposed by Academic Research 58 3.4 Discussion 74 Chapter 4 Development and Evaluation of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Take-Over Requests (TORs) in Highly Automated Vehicles 78 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Method 82 4.2.1 Participants 82 4.2.2 Apparatus 82 4.2.3 Automotive HUD-based TOR Displays 83 4.2.4 Driving Scenario 86 4.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 87 4.2.6 Experiment Variables 88 4.2.7 Statistical Analyses 91 4.3 Results 93 4.3.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 93 4.3.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 102 4.3.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 104 4.4 Discussion 113 4.4.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 113 4.4.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 116 4.4.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 117 4.5 Conclusion 119 Chapter 5 Human Factors Evaluation of Display Locations of an Interactive Scrolling List in a Full-windshield Automotive Head-Up Display System 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Method 122 5.2.1 Participants 122 5.2.2 Apparatus 123 5.2.3 Experimental Tasks and Driving Scenario 123 5.2.4 Experiment Variables 124 5.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 126 5.2.6 Statistical Analyses 126 5.3 Results 127 5.4 Discussion 133 5.5 Conclusion 135 Chapter 6 Conclusion 137 6.1 Summary and Implications 137 6.2 Future Research Directions 139 Bibliography 143 Apeendix A. Display Layouts of Some Commercial HUD Systems Appendix B. Safety-related Displays Provided by the Existing Commercial HUD Systems Appendix C. Safety-related HUD displays Proposed by Academic Research 국문초록 187Docto