A STUDY OF MARINE CSEM SURVEY GEOMETRY FOR SEABED LOGGING

In recent years marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) method is being used for hydrocarbon exploration in deeper water. The marine CSEM is preferred over seismic due to its ability to differentiate reservoir of resistive hydrocarbon and conductive saline fluids. In marine CSEM method, however, the survey data is highly dependent on source-receiver position and orientation. Furthermore, real geological conditions are extremely varied and it is rarely possible to turn the survey data into reliable picture of geological structure using virtual simulation. Consequently, it is important to understand EM field behavior for various geological models and source-receiver position to improve virtual simulation process. The aforementioned aspect studied through comprehensive forward modeling is an alternate to real time geophysical surveys. In this research, a forward modeling algorithm is employed as a staggered-grid finite difference solution to the totalelectric field Maxwell’s equations. Solution are achieved through (i) an optimal grid technique that extends the boundaries of the mesh outward from the region of interest using a minimal number of nodes, and (ii) a direct matrix solution technique that allows for simultaneous solution for all sources. The forward modeling algorithm is applied on 1D and 2D geological models implemented using MATLAB. Results obtained provide qualitative understanding of electromagnetic signal propagation through different stratified media with various source positions and orientation. 1D forward modeling is used to find optimal frequency for specific depth and for studying effects of speed variation of dipole source. The 2D forward modeling is used to understand EM field behavior for resistive hydrocarbon and conductive saline fluid reservoirs. Furthermore, inaccuracy due to improper survey geometry such as dipping effect is also analyzed and discussed. In essence, forward modeling was applied to various scenarios and obtained results were accurately matched with previously published work of real time survey. This is a significant step towards the improvement in confidence modeling which in turn can potentially help to reduce surveying cost

Non-equilibrium Gas Discharge Conditions for Origin of Life and Living Matter. Experiments of Miller. Modeling of the Conditions with Gas Coronal Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere

In this paper are submited data on the possibility of applying the Coronal gas discharge effect in modeling non-equilibrium conditions with gas electric discharge simulating conditions occurying in the primary atmosphere (electric sparks, lightning). The physical basis and technique of visualization of gas discharge (GD) glowing of water drops in alternating electric fields of high electrical voltage (5–30 kV) and frequency (10–150 kHz) as well as possible electrosynthesis of organic molecules from a mixure of inorganic substances as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and carbon monoxide (CO) in aqueous solutions of water exposed under electrical discharge, UV-radiation and thermal heating was examined. The colour coronal spectral gas discharge analysis, IR-spectroscopy, and NES-, and DENS-methods were applied for investigation of water samples of various origin, the samples of hot mineral, sea and mountain water obtained from various sources of Bulgaria, as well as cactus juice and Mediterranean jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata obtained from Aegean Sea (Chalkida, Greece). As a main parameter was measured the average energy of hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules and in the process of cluster formation (dimer, trimer) and the function of the distribution of energies ?f between individual H2O molecules compiles –0.1067±0.0011 eV. These data indicate that the origination of life and living matter depends on the structural and physical chemical properties of water, as well as the temperature and pH value. Key words: Color gas discharge effect, IR-spectroscopy, primary atmosphere, water, origin of life, S. Miller’s experiments

S. Miller’s Experiments in Modelling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Gas Electric Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere

This paper outlines the data on the possibility of applying the Coronal gas discharge effect in modeling non-equilibrium conditions with gas electric discharge simulating conditions occurring in the primary atmosphere (electric sparks, lightning). The physical basis and technique of visualization of gas discharge (GD) glowing of water drops in alternating electric fields of high electrical voltage (5–30 kV) and frequency (10–150 kHz) as well as possible electrosynthesis of organic molecules from a mixture of inorganic substances as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and carbon monoxide (CO) in aqueous solutions of water exposed under electrical discharge, UV-radiation and thermal heating was examined. The colour coronal spectral gas discharge analysis, IR-spectroscopy, and NES-, and DNES-spectral analysis were applied for investigation of water samples of various origin, the samples of hot mineral, sea and mountain water obtained from various sources of Bulgaria, as well as cactus juice and Mediterranean jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata obtained from the Aegean Sea (Chalkida, Greece). As a main parameter was measured the average energy of hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules in the process of cluster formation (dimmer, trimmer) and the function of the distribution of energies ∆f between individual H2O molecules compiles –0.1067±0.0011 eV. These data indicate that the origination of life and living matter depends on the structural and physical chemical properties of water, as well as the temperature and pH value. Keywords: Color gas discharge effect, IR-spectroscopy, primary atmosphere, water, origin of life, S. Miller’s experiments

Coronal Gas Discharge Effect in Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Gas Electric Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere and Hydrosphere for Origin of Life and Living Matter

In this paper are submited data on the possibility of applying the Coronal gas discharge effect in modeling non-equilibrium conditions with gas electric discharge simulating conditions occurying in the primary atmosphere (electric sparks, lightning). The physical basis and technique of visualization of gas discharge (GD) glowing of water drops in alternating electric fields of high electrical voltage (5–30 kV) and frequency (10–150 kHz) as well as possible electrosynthesis of organic molecules from a mixure of inorganic substances as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and carbon monoxide (CO) in aqueous solutions of water exposed under electrical discharge, UV-radiation and thermal heating was examined. The colour coronal spectral gas discharge analysis, IR-spectroscopy, and NES-, and DNES-methods were applied for investigation of water samples of various origin, the samples of hot mineral, sea and mountain water obtained from various sources of Bulgaria, as well as cactus juice and Mediterranean jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata obtained from Aegean Sea (Chalkida, Greece). As a main parameter was measured the average energy of hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules and in the process of cluster formation (dimer, trimer) and the function of the distribution of energies ?f between individual H2O molecules compiles –0.1067±0.0011 eV. These data indicate that the origination of life and living matter depends on the structural and physical chemical properties of water, as well as the temperature and pH value. Key words: Color gas discharge effect, IR-spectroscopy, primary atmosphere, water, origin of life, S. Miller’s experiments

Origin of Life and Living Matter in Primary Atmosphere and Hydrosphere. Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Electric Gas Discharge Conditions

In this paper are submited data on the possibility of applying the Coronal gas discharge effect in modeling non-equilibrium conditions with gas electric discharge simulating conditions occurying in the primary atmosphere (electric sparks, lightning). The physical basis and technique of visualization of gas discharge (GD) glowing of water drops in alternating electric fields of high electrical voltage (5–30 kV) and frequency (10–150 kHz) as well as possible electrosynthesis of organic molecules from a mixure of inorganic substances as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and carbon monoxide (CO) in aqueous solutions of water exposed under electrical discharge, UV-radiation and thermal heating was examined. The colour coronal spectral gas discharge analysis, IR-spectroscopy, and NES-, and DNES-methods were applied for investigation of water samples of various origin, the samples of hot mineral, sea and mountain water obtained from various sources of Bulgaria, as well as cactus juice and Mediterranean jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata obtained from Aegean Sea (Chalkida, Greece). As a main parameter was measured the average energy of hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules and in the process of cluster formation (dimer, trimer) and the function of the distribution of energies ?f between individual H2O molecules compiles –0.1067±0.0011 eV. These data indicate that the origination of life and living matter depends on the structural and physical chemical properties of water, as well as the temperature and pH value. Key words: Color gas discharge effect, IR-spectroscopy, primary atmosphere, water, origin of life, S. Miller’s experiments

Radio wave propagation in the presence of a coastline

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94987/1/rds4883.pd

ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields generated along the sea floor interface by a straight current source of infinite length

Propagation of ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields along the seafloor interface (assumed to be a plane boundary separating two semi-infinite conducting media) is considered. Earlier expressions for the electromagnetic fields generated by a straight current source of infinite length are applied to the sea/seabed interface. The field components are calculated numerically and are compared to the field components in seawater of infinite extent. At the seafloor boundary, the fields can propagate longer distances because of the lower seabed conductivities. The new horizontal component of the magnetic field generated as a result of the existence of the sea/seabed interface becomes larger than the vertical component of the magnetic field at large distances; it is also more sensitive to the conductivity of the seabed at low frequencies. The results indicate that there is an optimal frequency at which two of the field components have a maximum field intensity at a certain distance from the source. Some practical applications are discussed