201 research outputs found
Ăvaluation et modulation des fonctions exĂ©cutives en neuroergonomie - Continuums cognitifs et expĂ©rimentaux
Des Ă©tudes en neuroergonomie ont montrĂ© que le pilote dâavion pouvait commettre des erreurs en raison dâune incapacitĂ© transitoire Ă faire preuve de flexibilitĂ© mentale. Il apparait que certains facteurs, tels quâune forte charge mentale ou une pression temporelle importante, un niveau de stress trop Ă©levĂ©, la survenue de conflits, ou une perte de conscience de la situation, peuvent altĂ©rer temporairement lâefficience des fonctions exĂ©cutives permettant cette flexibilitĂ©. Depuis mes travaux initiaux, dans lesquels je me suis intĂ©ressĂ© aux conditions qui conduisent Ă une nĂ©gligence auditive, jâai souhaitĂ© dĂ©velopper une approche scientifique visant Ă quantifier et limiter les effets dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres de ces diffĂ©rents facteurs. Ceci a Ă©tĂ© fait Ă travers lâĂ©tude des fonctions exĂ©cutives chez lâĂȘtre humain selon le continuum cognitif (du cerveau lĂ©sĂ© au cerveau en parfait Ă©tat de fonctionnement) et le continuum expĂ©rimental (de lâordinateur au monde rĂ©el). Lâapproche fondamentale de lâĂ©tude des fonctions exĂ©cutives en neurosciences combinĂ©e Ă lâapproche neuroergonomique graduelle avec des pilotes et des patients cĂ©rĂ©bro-lĂ©sĂ©s, a permis de mieux comprendre la maniĂšre dont ces fonctions sont mises en jeu et altĂ©rĂ©es. Cette connaissance Ă contribuer par la suite Ă la mise en place de solutions pour prĂ©server leur efficacitĂ© en situation complexe.
AprĂšs avoir rappelĂ© mon parcours acadĂ©mique, je prĂ©sente dans ce manuscrit une sĂ©lection de travaux rĂ©partis sur trois thĂ©matiques de recherche. La premiĂšre concerne lâĂ©tude des fonctions exĂ©cutives impliquĂ©es dans lâattention et en particulier la façon dont la charge perceptive et la charge mentale peuvent altĂ©rer ces fonctions. La deuxiĂšme correspond Ă un aspect plus appliquĂ© de ces travaux avec lâĂ©valuation de lâĂ©tat du pilote. Il a Ă©tĂ© question dâanalyser cet Ă©tat selon lâactivitĂ© de pilotage elle-mĂȘme ou Ă travers la gestion et la supervision dâun systĂšme en particulier. La troisiĂšme et derniĂšre thĂ©matique concerne la recherche de marqueurs prĂ©dictifs de la performance cognitive et lâĂ©laboration dâentraĂźnements cognitifs pour limiter les troubles dysexĂ©cutifs, quâils soient dâorigine contextuelle ou lĂ©sionnelle.
Ces travaux ont contribuĂ© Ă une meilleure comprĂ©hension des troubles cognitifs transitoires ou chroniques, mais ils ont aussi soulevĂ© des questions auxquelles je souhaite rĂ©pondre aujourdâhui. Pour illustrer cette rĂ©flexion, je prĂ©sente en derniĂšre partie de ce document mon projet de recherche qui vise Ă dĂ©velopper une approche multifactorielle de lâefficience cognitive, Ă©thique et en science ouverte
Interferensi Bahasa Indonesia dalam Lirik Lagu Campursari
Istilah kontemporer untuk menandai perubahan dalam musik tradisional dan musik urban kekinian berpengaruh pada musik campursari. Tak hanya di instrumen dan garap musiknya, di dalam campursari pun terdapat fenomena penggabungan bahasa. Terkait dengan bahasa yang digunakan dalam lirik lagunya, campursari tampak selain masih mempertahankan bahasa Jawa, juga menggunakan bahasa-bahasa lain misalnya bahasa Indonesia, Inggris, dan Arab. Dalam penelitian ini, akan dibahas bagaimana fenomena interferensi dan faktor penyebab interferensi bahasa Indonesia dalama lirik lagu campursari. Interferensi bahasa adalah sebuah kondisi ketika pengguna bahasa mengambil elemen/fitur dari satu bahasa untuk digunakan sebagai pelengkap/pembantu dalam penggunaan bahasa yang lain, dalam hal ini adalah penggunaan bahasa Indonesia sebagai pelengkap untuk penggunaan bahasa Jawa dalam lirik lagu campursari.
Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan mendeskripsikan interferensi bahasa Indonesia dalam lirik lagu campursari dan penyebabnya. Terdapat tiga langkah dalam penelitian ini, yaitu tahap penjaringan data, analisis data, dan pemaparan hasil analisis data. Penjaringan data dilakukan melalui metode metode simak/metode observasi. Adapun teknik dasar dalam penjaringan data melalui penyimakan adalah teknik sadap, yaitu video lagu campursari dan berbentuk tulis, yaitu transkripsi lirik lagu campursari. Teknik lanjutan dari teknik sadap adalah teknik simak bebas libat cakap. Selain itu, terdapat teknik catat sebagai teknik lanjutan. Analisis dilakukan sesuai dengan pokok persoalan yang dikaji, yaitu identifikasi masalah, deskripsi kesalahan, uraian kesalahan, dan kuantifikasi kesalahan. Kemudian menganalisis faktor penyebab interferensi bahasa Indonesia dalama lirik lagu campursari.
Dari analisis data ditemukan beberapa interferensi pada lirik lagu campursari, yaitu interferensi dalam bidang fonologi dengan jumlah 6 data, morfologi dengan jumlah 12 data, sintaksis dengan jumlah 44 data, dan leksikal dengan jumlah 20 data. Jenis interferensi paling banyak adalah interferensi sintaksis, sedangkan paling sedikit adalah interferensi fonologi.
Penyebab terjadinya interferensi bahasa Indonesia dalam lirik lagu campursari adalah (1) kedwibahasaan pelafal/penutur bahasa, (2) Kebutuhan persamaan kata/sinonim, dan (3) prestise bahasa sumber dan gaya bahasa
Navigating the bilingual cocktail party: Interference from background speakers in listeners with varying L1/L2 proficiency
Cocktail party environments require listeners to tune in to a target voice while ignoring surrounding speakers (maskers), which could present unique challenges for bilingual listeners. Our study recruited English-French bilinguals to listen to a male target speaking French or English, masked by two female voices speaking French, English, or Tamil, or by speech-shaped noise. Listeners performed better with first language (L1) than second language (L2) targets, and relative L1/L2 proficiency acted like a categorical rather than a continuous variable with respect to speech reception threshold (SRT) averaged over maskers. Further, listeners struggled the most with L1 maskers and struggled the least with Tamil maskers. The results suggest that the balanced bilinguals have a slight disadvantage with L1 targets but compensate with a larger advantage with L2 targets, compared to unbalanced bilinguals. This positive net result supports the idea that being a balanced bilingual is helpful in speech-on-speech perception tasks in environments that offer substantial exposure to L2
A review of auditory processing and cognitive change during normal ageing, and the implications for setting hearing aids for older adults
Throughout our adult lives there is a decline in peripheral hearing, auditory processing and elements of cognition that support listening ability. Audiometry provides no information about the status of auditory processing and cognition, and older adults often struggle with complex listening situations, such as speech in noise perception, even if their peripheral hearing appears normal. Hearing aids can address some aspects of peripheral hearing impairment and improve signal-to-noise ratios. However, they cannot directly enhance central processes and may introduce distortion to sound that might act to undermine listening ability. This review paper highlights the need to consider the distortion introduced by hearing aids, specifically when considering normally-ageing older adults. We focus on patients with age-related hearing loss because they represent the vast majority of the population attending audiology clinics. We believe that it is important to recognize that the combination of peripheral and central, auditory and cognitive decline make older adults some of the most complex patients seen in audiology services, so they should not be treated as âstandardâ despite the high prevalence of age-related hearing loss. We argue that a primary concern should be to avoid hearing aid settings that introduce distortion to speech envelope cues, which is not a new concept. The primary cause of distortion is the speed and range of change to hearing aid amplification (i.e., compression). We argue that slow-acting compression should be considered as a default for some users and that other advanced features should be reconsidered as they may also introduce distortion that some users may not be able to tolerate. We discuss how this can be incorporated into a pragmatic approach to hearing aid fitting that does not require increased loading on audiology services
Learning disentangled speech representations
A variety of informational factors are contained within the speech signal and a single short recording of speech reveals much more than the spoken words. The best method to extract and represent informational factors from the speech signal ultimately depends on which informational factors are desired and how they will be used. In addition, sometimes methods will capture more than one informational factor at the same time such as speaker identity, spoken content, and speaker prosody.
The goal of this dissertation is to explore different ways to deconstruct the speech signal into abstract representations that can be learned and later reused in various speech technology tasks. This task of deconstructing, also known as disentanglement, is a form of distributed representation learning. As a general approach to disentanglement, there are some guiding principles that elaborate what a learned representation should contain as well as how it should function. In particular, learned representations should contain all of the requisite information in a more compact manner, be interpretable, remove nuisance factors of irrelevant information, be useful in downstream tasks, and independent of the task at hand. The learned representations should also be able to answer counter-factual questions.
In some cases, learned speech representations can be re-assembled in different ways according to the requirements of downstream applications. For example, in a voice conversion task, the speech content is retained while the speaker identity is changed. And in a content-privacy task, some targeted content may be concealed without affecting how surrounding words sound. While there is no single-best method to disentangle all types of factors, some end-to-end approaches demonstrate a promising degree of generalization to diverse speech tasks.
This thesis explores a variety of use-cases for disentangled representations including phone recognition, speaker diarization, linguistic code-switching, voice conversion, and content-based privacy masking. Speech representations can also be utilised for automatically assessing the quality and authenticity of speech, such as automatic MOS ratings or detecting deep fakes. The meaning of the term "disentanglement" is not well defined in previous work, and it has acquired several meanings depending on the domain (e.g. image vs. speech). Sometimes the term "disentanglement" is used interchangeably with the term "factorization". This thesis proposes that disentanglement of speech is distinct, and offers a viewpoint of disentanglement that can be considered both theoretically and practically
Synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire chez lâhumain : effets de lâexposition au bruit continu et impulsionnel
La surditĂ© professionnelle constitue un problĂšme de santĂ© publique important, avec une prĂ©valence estimĂ©e de 10 Ă 16%. Les Ă©tudes animales ont mis en Ă©vidence une perte des synapses entre les cellules ciliĂ©es internes et le nerf auditif et des fibres auditives prĂ©sentant une activitĂ© spontanĂ©e faible. Cette synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire se manifesterait avant la dĂ©gradation des seuils auditifs et la perte des cellules ciliĂ©es externes, Ă©tant ainsi un prĂ©curseur Ă la surditĂ© professionnelle. Lâaudiogramme utilisĂ© en milieu clinique ne permet pas de mesurer la synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire, se contentant seulement de quantifier la perte dâaudibilitĂ© causĂ©e par lâexposition au bruit. Des Ă©tudes post-mortem humaines ont permis dâidentifier une synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire, similaire Ă celle observĂ©e dans le modĂšle animal. Ătant donnĂ© que la quantification des synapses chez l'humain vivant n'est pas possible, les chercheurs se sont concentrĂ©s sur le dĂ©veloppement dâoutils pouvant servir de marqueur indirect de la synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire. Ă cet Ă©gard, les rĂ©sultats sont divergents dâune Ă©tude Ă lâautre. Il est possible que ces outils ne soient pas sensibles ou que lâexposition au bruit investiguĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature ne soit pas suffisante pour entraĂźner une synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire chez lâhumain. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est donc dâĂ©valuer les effets dâune exposition au bruit industriel continu et au bruit impulsionnel, qui pourraient sâavĂ©rer plus nocives et entraĂźner un processus prĂ©coce de synaptopathie cochlĂ©aire. Des individus prĂ©sentant des seuils auditifs et des Ă©missions otoacoustiques dans la normale ont Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©s Ă lâaide de mesures Ă©lectrophysiologiques et psychoacoustiques.
Dans la premiĂšre Ă©tude, 40 participants exposĂ©s au bruit industriel continu et 40 participants sans exposition au bruit industriel continu ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©s et Ă©valuĂ©s Ă lâaide dâun test de perception de la parole dans le bruit (SPiN) et de diffĂ©rentes composantes du potentiels Ă©voquĂ©s auditifs du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral (PEATC). Lâexposition au bruit des participants a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e par dosimĂ©trie. Les rĂ©sultats ne montrent pas dâassociation entre lâexposition au bruit et les variables du PEATC et du SPiN.
Dans la deuxiĂšme Ă©tude, 27 participants militaires exposĂ©s au bruit impulsionnel et 13 participants sans exposition au bruit impulsionnel ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©s. Les PEATC, lâĂ©lectrocochlĂ©ographie, le SPiN et la largeur des filtres auditifs rectangulaires Ă©quivalents (ERB) ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s. Lâexposition au bruit des participants a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e Ă lâaide du Noise Exposure Structured Interview. Les rĂ©sultats montrent une rĂ©duction de lâamplitude de lâonde I, un allongement de la latence de lâonde V, des performances rĂ©duites de SPiN et un ERB plus large Ă 4 kHz chez les militaires exposĂ©s au bruit impulsionnel, en comparaison aux participants sans exposition au bruit impulsionnel.
Cette thĂšse est importante dâun point de vue de santĂ© publique puisquâelle suggĂšre que certains outils cliniques simples, comme la mesure des filtres auditifs, pourraient permettre de dĂ©tecter les premiers signes dâun dommage auditif avant lâapparition dâune surditĂ© professionnelle mesurĂ©e par lâaudiogramme. Les rĂ©sultats renforcent lâimportance de la sensibilisation aux risques induits par lâexposition au bruit afin de prĂ©venir lâapparition des troubles de communication et des situations de handicap dĂ©coulant de la prĂ©sence dâune surditĂ© professionnelle.Occupational hearing loss constitutes an important public health problem, with an estimated prevalence of 10 to 16%. Animal studies have shown a phenomenon of synapses dysfunction between the inner hair cells and the auditory nerve and a preferential loss of low spontaneous rate auditory fibers. This cochlear synaptopathy manifests itself before the degradation of hearing thresholds and the loss of outer hair cells, thus being a precursor damage to occupational hearing loss. The audiogram used in a clinical setting does not measure cochlear synaptopathy, only quantifying the loss of audibility caused by noise exposure. In humans, post-mortem studies have identified a process of cochlear synaptopathy, similar to that observed in the animal model. Since quantification of synapses in living humans is not possible, researchers focused on developing a noninvasive measurement that could serve as an indirect marker for cochlear synaptopathy. Several tools have been proposed, but the results vary from one study to another. It is possible that these tools are not sensitive or that noise exposures investigated in the literature is not sufficient to cause cochlear synaptopathy in humans. The objective of this thesis is therefore to evaluate the effects of exposure to continuous industrial noise and impulse noise, which could prove to be more harmful and lead to an accelerated process of cochlear synaptopathy. To this end, individuals with normal hearing thresholds and otoacoustic emissions were investigated using electrophysiological and psychoacoustical measurements.
In the first study, 40 participants with occupational noise exposure and 40 participants without occupational noise exposure were recruited and evaluated using a speech perception in noise (SPiN) test and different components of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Participantsâ noise exposure was measured by dosimetry. The results do not show an association between noise exposure and the ABR and SPiN variables.
In the second study, 27 military participants exposed to impulse noise and 13 participants without exposure to impulse noise were recruited. ABR, electrocochleography, SPiN and the equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) of auditory filters were measured. Participants' noise exposure was quantified using the Noise Exposure Structured Interview. Results show a reduced wave I amplitude, a lengthened wave V latency, a reduced SPiN performance, and a broader ERB at 4 kHz in military recruits exposed to impulse noise, compared to participants without exposure to impulse noise.
This thesis is important from a public health point of view since it suggests that certain simple clinical tools, such as the measurement of auditory filters, might make it possible to detect the first signs of auditory damage before the onset of hearing loss measured by the audiogram. Results reinforce the importance of raising awareness to the risks induced by noise exposure in order to prevent the appearance of communication disorders and handicaps resulting from the presence of occupational hearing loss
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