Technical Design Report for PANDA Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC)

This document presents the technical layout and the envisaged performance of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) for the PANDA target spectrometer. The EMC has been designed to meet the physics goals of the PANDA experiment. The performance figures are based on extensive prototype tests and radiation hardness studies. The document shows that the EMC is ready for construction up to the front-end electronics interface

Real-time monitoring and diagnostics of crystal-based collimation of particle accelerator beams

The beam collimation represents one of the important items for the future upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. An effective collimation system is particularly required at higher beam intensities, as even a relatively small number of particles impinging on the superconducting magnets can cause quenching (a sudden loss of superconducting condition). Although the currently used collimation system at CERN is working properly, it presents some limitations which can be overcome by future upgrades. One of these limitations is due the particle diffraction from heavy absorbers. An alternative option to the current collimation system at CERN is represented by the use of bent crystals. These latter are expected to be very effective in beam collimation. In fact, they have the advantage to guide halo particles of the beam on a single absorber. This allows the improvements to the cleaning performance as well as to the impedance of the collider as compared to the multi-stage collimation systems, consisting of large blocks made of amorphous material, placed around the beam. In this framework, UA9 Experiment at CERN is carrying on since many years an R&D on various types of crystals. The aim is to find the best solution to overcome the limitations of the currently used collimation system at CERN, in view of future upgrades of the collider. The first part of this PhD work has been devoted, within the UA9 collaboration, to the characterization of some new crystals to be used in LHC and in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for collimation. The radiation hardness for high energy neutrons were also tested for these crystals. Beam collimation monitoring is performed in the UA9 crystal based system using a Cherenkov detector for high energy protons going through the fused silica. Presently, classical PMTs are in use to collect the Cherenkov light, but its dark count rate is directly affected by the high intensity radiation. With the aim to face this limitation, the second part of this PhD project focused on the characterization of ZnO material, which resulted to be very promising for realizing alternative photodetectors. In this respect, Cherenkov detector/setup used in UA9 could be updated with more functional sensor systems which are radiation resistant and compatible with vacuum requirements in the beam pipe. Another important aspect in collimation systems is the real time monitoring of collimated beams inside the accelerators, especially when using a crystal based collimation system as in UA9. A good approach to face this aspect is to develop a machine learning based real time framework to analyze the signal and detect the faults. The last aim of this work is to present a preliminary study of data acquisition as a starting point to develop a real time framework to be built in the future. This work has been carried out using a SiPM sensor (which competes with the PMTs) with a fast ADC digitizer in real time

Critical parameters and performance tests for the evaluation of digital data acquisition hardware

Recent developments of digital data acquisition systems allow real-time pre-processing of detector signals at a high count rate. These so-called pulse processing digitizers are powerful and versatile instruments offering techniques which are important for nuclear security, critical infrastructure protection, nuclear physics and radiation metrology. Certain aspects of digital data acquisition affect the performance of the total system in a critical way and therefore require special attention. This report presents a short introduction to digital data acquisition, followed by a discussion of the critical parameters which affect the performance in the lab and in the field. For some of the parameters, tests are proposed to assess the performance of digital data acquisition systems. Good practices are offered to guide the selection and evaluation of digital data acquisition systems. More general performance criteria which are not specifically related to digital data acquisition systems are discussed separately.JRC.D.4-Standards for Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguard

Precision electromagnetic calorimetry at the energy frontier: CMS ECAL at LHC Run 2

The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a high-resolution, hermetic, and homogeneous calorimeter made of 75,848 scintillating lead tungstate crystals. Following the discovery of the Higgs boson, the CMS ECAL is at the forefront of precision measurements and the search for new physics in data from the LHC, which recently began producing collisions at the unprecedented energy of 13 TeV. The exceptional precision of the CMS ECAL, as well as its timing performance, are invaluable tools for the discovery of new physics at the LHC Run 2. The excellent performance of the ECAL relies on precise calibration maintained over time, despite severe irradiation conditions. A set of inter-calibration procedures using different physics channels is carried out at regular intervals to normalize the differences in crystal light transparency and photodetector response between channels, which can change due to accumulated radiation. In this talk we present new reconstruction algorithms and calibration strategies which aim to maintain, and even improve, the excellent performance of the CMS ECAL under the new challenging conditions of Run 2.Comment: Presentation at the DPF 2015 Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Particles and Fields, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 4-8, 201

I the development of a marine seismic recording system II a magnetic survey of the faeroe bank

The first section of the thesis reviews the design of marine seismic refraction systems which have been evolved to enable surveys to be carried out using only one ship. This is followed by a discussion of the design of a specific self-recording sonobuoy which stores the seismic information on magnetic tape, together with the specifications and circuit details of the system built at Durham University. Each buoy incorporates a four track tape recorder which is programmed, using an internal crystal clock, to switch on and off at predetermined intervals. The clock times the seismic arrivals and is periodically synchronised with time on board the shooting ship by the radio transmissions to the buoy. The seismic signal is recorded at two gain levels and there is a facility for wow and flutter compensation. Finally, there is a description of a refraction survey on the Iceland-Faeroe Rise, which regretably culminated in the loss of the buoy units

New techniques in television to provide research in three-dimensional real-time or near real-time imagery and reduced cost systems for teleconferencing and educational uses, part 1

The results are presented of a continuing research and development program the objective of which is to develop a reduced bandwidth television system and a technique for television transmission of holograms. The result of the former is a variable frame rate television system, the operation of which was demonstrated for both black-and-white and color signals. This system employs a novel combination of the inexpensive mass storage capacity of a magnetic disc with the reliability of a digital system for time expansion and compression. Also reported are the results of a theoretical analysis and preliminary feasibility experiment of an innovative system for television transmission of holograms using relatively conventional TV equipment along with a phase modulated reference wave for production of the original interference pattern

Belle II Technical Design Report

The Belle detector at the KEKB electron-positron collider has collected almost 1 billion Y(4S) events in its decade of operation. Super-KEKB, an upgrade of KEKB is under construction, to increase the luminosity by two orders of magnitude during a three-year shutdown, with an ultimate goal of 8E35 /cm^2 /s luminosity. To exploit the increased luminosity, an upgrade of the Belle detector has been proposed. A new international collaboration Belle-II, is being formed. The Technical Design Report presents physics motivation, basic methods of the accelerator upgrade, as well as key improvements of the detector.Comment: Edited by: Z. Dole\v{z}al and S. Un