MMWR

"This volume is a compendium of articles from the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR ) that were prepared on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of CDC, marked on July 1, 1996. The compendium comprises articles from the MMWR weekly selected primarily on the basis of their historical merit and interest to public health practice. For each of the 20 selections, we invited past and/or current CDC experts (and, in some cases, experts from outside CDC) to write a new editorial note about some aspect of each article and its relation to the evolution of public health practice." - p. v.Enhanced version of the CDC 50th anniversary issue of MMWR: v. 45, no. 25, June 28, 1996.Includes bibliography (p. 139).editors, Richard A. Goodman, Karen L. Foster, Michael B. Gregg.Preface / Richard A. Goodman, Karen L. Foster, Michael B. Gregg -- Forewird / George D. Lundberg -- -- History of CDC -- History of CDC (June 28, 1996) / Elizabeth Etheridge, Stephen B. Thacker -- Notifiable Disease Surveillance and Notifiable Disease Statistics -- United States, June 1946 and June 1996 (June 28, 1996) / Systems Operations and Information Branch, Division of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC -- -- Disease and Injury Surveillance -- Introduction to Table V, Premature Deaths, Monthly Mortality, and -- Monthly Physician Contacts -- United States (March 12, 1982) [1997 Editorial note by Robert A. Hahn] -- Public Health Focus: Effectiveness of Disease and Injury Prevention (April 24, 1992) [1997 Editorial note by Steven M. Teutsch] -- Addition of Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking as a Nationally NotifiableCondition -- June 1996 (June 28, 1996) / Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Division of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC -- -- Infectious Diseases -- Smallpox -- Stockholm, Sweden, 1963 (May-July 1963) [1996 Editorial note by Donald R. Hopkins, J. Donald Milla] -- Smallpox Surveillance -- Worldwide (January 6, 1978, and May 5, 1978) [1997 Editorial note by William H. Foege, Walter R. Dowdle] -- Nosocomial Bacteremias Associated with Intravenous Fluid Therapy -- USA (March 6, 1971) [1997 Editorial note by Frank S. Rhame, Dennis G. Maki, John V. Bennett, William R. Jarvis] -- Respiratory Infection -- Pennsylvania and Follow-Up on RespiratoryIllness -- Philadelphia (August 6, 1976, and January 18, 1977) [1997 Editorial note by David J. Sencer, Joseph E. McDade] -- Poliomyelitis -- United States, Canada and Follow-Up on Poliomyelitis -- United States, Canada, Netherlands (May 25, 1979, and July 27, 1979) [1997 Editorial note by Alan R.Hinman] -- Toxic-Shock Syndrome -- United States (May 23, 1980) [1997 Editorial note by Arthur L. Reingold, Gene W. Matthews, Claire V. Broome] -- Reye Syndrome -- Ohio, Michigan (November 7, 1980) [1997 Editorial note by Eugene S. Hurwitz, Lawrence B. Schonberger] -- Pneumocystis Pneumonia -- Los Angeles (June 5, 1981) [1996 Editorial note by James W. Curran] -- Isolation of E. coli O157:H7 from Sporadic Cases of Hemorrhagic Colitis -- United States (November 5, 1982) [1997 Editorial note by Stephen M. Ostroff] -- -- Noninfectious Conditions -- Pentachlorophenol Poisoning in Newborn Infants -- St. Louis, Missouri, April-August 1967 (October 7, 1967) [1996 Editorial note by Michael A. McGeehin] -- Human Lead Absorption -- Texas (December 8, 1973) [1997 Editorial note by Thomas Matte, Henry Falk] -- Angiosarcoma of the Liver Among Polyvinyl Chloride Workers -- -- Kentucky (February 9, 1974) [1997 Editorial note by Philip J. Landrigan] -- IUD Safety: Report of a Nationwide Physician Survey (June 29, 1974) [1997 Editorial note by Allan Rosenfield, Herbert B. Peterson, Carl W. Tyler, Jr.] -- Acute Childhood Leukemia -- Columbus, Ohio and Burkitt's Lymphoma -- Winchester, Virginia (March 19, 1976, and June 11, 1976) [1997 Editorial note by Clark W. Heath, Jr., Glynn G. Caldwell] -- Infant Metabolic Alkalosis and Soy-Based Formula -- United States (August 3, 1979) / [1997 Editorial note by Shane Roy III, Frank Greenberg, Gillian L. Robert-Baldo, Nicholas Duy; John C. Wallingford; Heinz W. Berendes, J. David Erickson, Jose Cordero] -- Temporal Trends in the Incidence of Birth Defects -- United States (August 31, 1979) [1997 Editorial note by Godfrey P. Oakley] -- Smoking-Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost -- United States, 1984 (October 30, 1987) [1997 Editorial note by Ann M. Malarcher, Jeffrey H. Chrismon; Gary A. Giovino, Michael .P Eriksen] -- -- Selected Bibliography1999833

The Maltese version of the DN4 questionnaire : initial validation to assess neuropathic pain in patients with chronic spinal or spinal-radicular pain

Background: Neuropathic pain is frequently encountered in patients with spinal and spinal-related pain which needs specific treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to do an initial linguistic translation and validation of the Maltese DN4 questionnaire to diagnose neuropathic pain in this population. Methods: The study was designed as a single-blinded, observational, prospective collected data and retrospective analysis. The English and French DN4 questionnaires underwent forward and backward translation, literal assessment and adaptation of the semantic equivalence into the Maltese language, followed by assessment of the Maltese DN4 during the initial patient assessment in patients who met the inclusion criteria. Results: The total Maltese DN4 score obtained a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.735 therefore having satisfactory internal consistency. Test-retest using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (95% CI) ranged from 0.975 to 0.991 (p=0.000), while inter-rater agreement using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (95% CI) ranged from 0.986 to 0.995 (p=0.000). Test-retest reliability yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient (95% CI) ranging from 0.975 to 0.991 (p < 0.001), while inter-rater reliability yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient (95% CI) ranging from 0.986 to 0.995 (p < 0.001). Both the English and the Maltese DN4 questionnaires obtained the same sensitivity and specificity values of 0.422 and 0.941 respectively, and a positive likehood ratio of 7.153 and a negative likehood ratio of 0.614, at a cutoff score of 4. Conclusion: The results of this study support the transcultural internal consistency, inter-rater, test-retest reliability, validity of the Maltese DN4 questionnaire to differentiate between neuropathic and nociceptive pain in patients with chronic spinal and spinal-radicular pain. Therefore, this simple tool can be used both in daily clinical practice but also in the clinical research setting to quickly screen for neuropathic pain.peer-reviewe

Lexikos at eighteen: an analysis

At eighteen, Lexikos became a major player in the field of linguistics, by being awarded an Impact Factor. This article presents a double analysis of the foundation that led to this success. On the one hand a thorough statistical study is undertaken with regard to all contributors and their contributions to Lexikos. To this end a metadata database was designed, with the aim to answer the question: 'Who publishes what type of material from where and when?' On the other hand a content analysis is carried out which focuses on the actual topics (i.e. 'keywords') in Lexikos. To this end an all-inclusive text corpus containing all the Lexikos material was built, with the aim to answer the question: 'What are the major trends in Lexikos?

A study of the pulmonary complications of preterm infants after prenatal corticosteroids prophylaxis in a major Bulgarian hospital

Abstract: An increasingly common problem in obstetrics and neonatology is premature birth. This problem is the cause of many health complications in premature neonates and is leading to neonatal mortality. These complications affect the whole body of premature babies, the respiratory system has the largest percentage due to lack of the period for intrauterine maturation of the lung. A retrospective study was carried out at the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital St. Georgi, Plovdiv, Bulgaria for the period 2015-2016. 167 preterm infants have been studied. They were divided into two main groups: a working group of 89 preterm infants with prenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis and a control group of 78 preterm infants without prenatal prophylaxis. Data on clinical outcomes, health status, background complications of prenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis have been analyzed. The summary, however, of the results that is: the 3.6% difference has been found between newborn children with RDS and those with all other disabilities; this shows that in preterm infants the priority is to damage the respiratory system. Over 60% of the prematurity develop respiratory distress syndrome. The presence of respiratory complications is dew to the earlier gestational week of birth and the older age of the mother and is somewhat limited by the prenatal administration of corticosteroids.peer-reviewe

Socioeconomic status and its impact on the prevalence of severe ADHD in the Maltese Islands

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder associated with hyperactivity, impulsivity and reduced attention. If left untreated this may possibly lead to various impairments in other areas, such as lack of educational attainment, increased risk of accident-prone behaviour, substance misuse and antisocial behaviours. Although the exact aetiology is still not fully understood, various studies have demonstrated the presence of both a genetic and an environmental component. ADHD is highly hereditable, demonstrating a strong genetic component. Furthermore, increased rates of ADHD have been linked with a low socioeconomic status. The islands of Malta have traditionally been divided for statistical purposes into 6 districts, with certain districts more often being associated with low socioeconomic demographics. The main aim of this study was to assess whether higher prevalence rates of ADHD were present in the districts, which are classically associated with a low socioeconomic status. All persons aged 0 to 18 years attending the governmental clinics, having a documented diagnosis of severe ADHD and therefore being prescribed pharmacotherapy were identified and included in this study. 9 youngsters were living in institutional care and were therefore excluded from the study. A significant difference (p<0.0001) in the point prevalence of ADHD between the 6 Malta districts was found, with higher rates of ADHD occurring in the harbour districts. Though not statistically significant, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the ADHD prevalence and a number of socioeconomic variables, these included; the rate of smoking (p=0.111), number of people classified as at-risk-of-poverty per district (p=0.397), and number of people with no schooling per district (p=0.156). The overall point prevalence for ADHD in Malta obtained was 0.85, a value which is less than the average prevalence noted worldwide. The authors believe this value is an underestimation since the data collection in this study did not include ADHD cases off pharmacological treatment and any ADHD cases assessed and treated in the private sector.peer-reviewe

The first nine years of \u27accounting history\u27 : 1996 to 2004

This paper adds to the prior literature examining publishing patterns in the accounting history discipline by undertaking a content analysis of publications in the first nine years of the new series of the journal Accounting History. The paper commences by providing an historical background to the introduction of the new series of the journal and the journal\u27s editorial team. This is followed by an authorship analysis of the journal\u27s research publications. This analysis examines patterns of authorship (single and multi-authored papers), the journal\u27s most published authors, institutional and geographical affiliations of authors (including international collaboration and changes over the nine year period) and author gender.<br /