154 research outputs found

    Artificial Intelligence for Cognitive Health Assessment: State-of-the-Art, Open Challenges and Future Directions

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    The subjectivity and inaccuracy of in-clinic Cognitive Health Assessments (CHA) have led many researchers to explore ways to automate the process to make it more objective and to facilitate the needs of the healthcare industry. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as the most promising approaches to automate the CHA process. In this paper, we explore the background of CHA and delve into the extensive research recently undertaken in this domain to provide a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art. In particular, a careful selection of significant works published in the literature is reviewed to elaborate a range of enabling technologies and AI/ML techniques used for CHA, including conventional supervised and unsupervised machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, natural language processing, and image processing techniques. Furthermore, we provide an overview of various means of data acquisition and the benchmark datasets. Finally, we discuss open issues and challenges in using AI and ML for CHA along with some possible solutions. In summary, this paper presents CHA tools, lists various data acquisition methods for CHA, provides technological advancements, presents the usage of AI for CHA, and open issues, challenges in the CHA domain. We hope this first-of-its-kind survey paper will significantly contribute to identifying research gaps in the complex and rapidly evolving interdisciplinary mental health field

    West of England e-scooter trial evaluation final report

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    The e-scooter rental trial in the West of England started in October 2020 and is part of an England-wide programme of e-scooter trials in cities and towns overseen by the Department for Transport (DfT). There are two operating areas in the West of England. One covers a combined area within Bristol City and South Gloucestershire (referred to as Bristol). The other covers Bath city centre. The trial provides two rental options: Hop-on Hop-Off (HOHO) and Long-Term Rental (LTR). The Department for Transport has completed a national evaluation to understand the operation and impact of the e-scooter trials across all 32 trial locations. The evaluation has shown the West of England trial has had the most rides by a significant margin. The national evaluation provides useful insights to national trends with some comparisons provided between areas. Given the significance of the e-scooter operations in the West of England, and a desire to learn from the trial to inform longer term policy, the Combined Authority commissioned a local evaluation within Bristol and Bath. It adds significantly to insights over and above those emerging from the national evaluation. Trial operator data and other datasets have been analysed in-depth. Several primary data sets have also been collected.In the West of England, a significant number of users have adopted e-scooters into their way of life. People are using them to get to work/college/university and they support leisure and shopping. A high proportion of users are between the ages of 18 and 35, and the majority of users are male. Take-up has been high due to their ease of use and time saving around Bristol and Bath. E-scooters are replacing trips from all types of transport. The trial has reduced travel related carbon emissions. Data on e-scooter safety is not robust enough to draw firm conclusions, but e-scooter riding may be riskier than cycling. E-scooter users thought that better infrastructure is needed. A lower proportion of e-scooter riders wear a cycle helmet than cycle riders. People dislike e-scooters obstructing the footway and some people fear e-scooters being ridden. These two issues particularly impact blind or partially sighted people. Those responsible for running the trial recognise the importance of well parked e-scooters. The trial has benefitted from strong collaboration between the e-scooter operator, local councils, police, fire service, and the Combined Authority

    Untangle sustainable development goal 8 through data visualization and HCI methods

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    Following the approval of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015, sustainability became a hotly debated topic. In order to build a better and more sustainable future by 2030, this agenda addressed several global issues, including inequality, climate change, peace, and justice, in the form of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), that should be understood and pursued by nations, corporations, institutions, and individuals. In this thesis, we researched how to exploit and integrate Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Data Visualization to promote knowledge and awareness about SDG 8, which wants to encourage lasting, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. In particular, we focused on three targets: green economy, sustainable tourism, employment, decent work for all, and social protection. The primary goal of this research is to determine whether HCI approaches may be used to create and validate interactive data visualization that can serve as helpful decision-making aids for specific groups and raise their knowledge of public-interest issues. To accomplish this goal, we analyzed four case studies. In the first two, we wanted to promote knowledge and awareness about green economy issues: we investigated the Human-Building Interaction inside a Smart Campus and the dematerialization process inside a University. In the third, we focused on smart tourism, investigating the relationship between locals and tourists to create meaningful connections and promote more sustainable tourism. In the fourth, we explored the industry context to highlight sustainability policies inside well-known companies. This research focuses on the hypothesis that interactive data visualization tools can make communities aware of sustainability aspects related to SDG8 and its targets. The research questions addressed are two: "how to promote awareness about SDG8 and its targets through interactive data visualizations?" and "to what extent are these interactive data visualizations effective?"

    Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and bystander response: Awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and training in multi-ethnic communities

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    Prompt bystander response more than doubles the odds of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Previous training is a significant factor in bystander willingness to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or use a defibrillator. This thesis contributes to an understanding of barriers to training uptake and willingness to respond to OHCA in multi-ethnic communities of New South Wales (NSW) and discusses strategies to address the barriers. Registry data analysis found bystander CPR provision in NSW was lower for females, older adults, in residential locations and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. A community-based intervention (FirstCPR cluster randomised study) was developed to increase community-wide training and willingness to respond to OHCA. It was designed to be delivered digitally and in-person and emphasised the use of material that included localised features and references. Process evaluation of FirstCPR highlighted that access to laypersons via their community organisations while feasible, can be challenging and resource-intensive. Uptake varied and was greater in social organisations compared with sports clubs. Contextual factors such as restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic limited participation. Factors such as time, interest, ability to congregate, capacity and commitment of organisation leaders to engage with the program and foster its facilitation played a significant role. Those who engaged highly valued in-person sessions and opportunities to practise skills on a manikin. CPR training was significantly lower among immigrants. Willingness to perform CPR was also lower but was mediated by previous training. Improved access to training that addresses barriers of language, cost and commonly-held fears is likely to have a positive impact. An intervention like FirstCPR is unlikely to be the “magic bullet” and concerted efforts in public campaigns are needed accompanied by messaging that addresses cultural sensitivities

    Designing a New Tactile Display Technology and its Disability Interactions

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    People with visual impairments have a strong desire for a refreshable tactile interface that can provide immediate access to full page of Braille and tactile graphics. Regrettably, existing devices come at a considerable expense and remain out of reach for many. The exorbitant costs associated with current tactile displays stem from their intricate design and the multitude of components needed for their construction. This underscores the pressing need for technological innovation that can enhance tactile displays, making them more accessible and available to individuals with visual impairments. This research thesis delves into the development of a novel tactile display technology known as Tacilia. This technology's necessity and prerequisites are informed by in-depth qualitative engagements with students who have visual impairments, alongside a systematic analysis of the prevailing architectures underpinning existing tactile display technologies. The evolution of Tacilia unfolds through iterative processes encompassing conceptualisation, prototyping, and evaluation. With Tacilia, three distinct products and interactive experiences are explored, empowering individuals to manually draw tactile graphics, generate digitally designed media through printing, and display these creations on a dynamic pin array display. This innovation underscores Tacilia's capability to streamline the creation of refreshable tactile displays, rendering them more fitting, usable, and economically viable for people with visual impairments

    Accessibility of Health Data Representations for Older Adults: Challenges and Opportunities for Design

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    Health data of consumer off-the-shelf wearable devices is often conveyed to users through visual data representations and analyses. However, this is not always accessible to people with disabilities or older people due to low vision, cognitive impairments or literacy issues. Due to trade-offs between aesthetics predominance or information overload, real-time user feedback may not be conveyed easily from sensor devices through visual cues like graphs and texts. These difficulties may hinder critical data understanding. Additional auditory and tactile feedback can also provide immediate and accessible cues from these wearable devices, but it is necessary to understand existing data representation limitations initially. To avoid higher cognitive and visual overload, auditory and haptic cues can be designed to complement, replace or reinforce visual cues. In this paper, we outline the challenges in existing data representation and the necessary evidence to enhance the accessibility of health information from personal sensing devices used to monitor health parameters such as blood pressure, sleep, activity, heart rate and more. By creating innovative and inclusive user feedback, users will likely want to engage and interact with new devices and their own data

    Literacy for digital futures : Mind, body, text

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    The unprecedented rate of global, technological, and societal change calls for a radical, new understanding of literacy. This book offers a nuanced framework for making sense of literacy by addressing knowledge as contextualised, embodied, multimodal, and digitally mediated. In today’s world of technological breakthroughs, social shifts, and rapid changes to the educational landscape, literacy can no longer be understood through established curriculum and static text structures. To prepare teachers, scholars, and researchers for the digital future, the book is organised around three themes – Mind and Materiality; Body and Senses; and Texts and Digital Semiotics – to shape readers’ understanding of literacy. Opening up new interdisciplinary themes, Mills, Unsworth, and Scholes confront emerging issues for next-generation digital literacy practices. The volume helps new and established researchers rethink dynamic changes in the materiality of texts and their implications for the mind and body, and features recommendations for educational and professional practice

    The implications and impact of artificial intelligence, big data and HR analytics in HRM: A critical analysis of EU enterprises

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    This study offers a critical evaluation of HR analytics. Specifically, the ideas and concepts surrounding HR analytics, such as what is HR analytics, the development of HR analytics in organizations and how it may impact organizational performance. To advance and answer these research questions, this study relied on systematic reviews, logistic regression, interaction effect analysis, and interviews with the European Company Survey (ECS) to assess the interrelationship between HR analytics and organizational factors. Based on the findings, certain key areas are addressed. Firstly, research question 1 has succeeded in developing a more systematic and coherent definition of HR analytics and artificial intelligence in HR. It has also successfully identified some factors that influence the use of HR analytics in organisations. In particular, the results of study two found that factors such as firm age, firm size, the complexity of the firm process and the type of variable pay systems have been shown to be key indicators of why certain companies use HR analytics while others do not. Furthermore, the results for study three also provided a bigger picture of how organizational factors might be the reasons for explaining firms’ financial returns when examining the relationship between variables. In particular, factors such as employee motivation, the use of HR analytics, and variable pay systems are also believed to be critical in determining which factors affect a company’s financial returns. In addition, the study provides additional knowledge for five specific areas in analytics and artificial intelligence in HR, namely firm characteristics, challenges, key reasons to adopt HR software, new trends and user traits
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