76 research outputs found

    Requirements Prioritization Based on Benefit and Cost Prediction: An Agenda for Future Research

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    In early phases of the software cycle, requirements prioritization necessarily relies on the specified requirements and on predictions of benefit and cost of individual requirements. This paper presents results of a systematic review of literature, which investigates how existing methods approach the problem of requirements prioritization based on benefit and cost. From this review, it derives a set of under-researched issues which warrant future efforts and sketches an agenda for future research in this area

    0025/2010 - Pesquisa em Estimativas em Projetos de Modelagem de Processos

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    Uma das primeiras questÔes na fase inicial de um projeto de modelagem de processos é como estimar o esforço a ser gasto para sua execução. Um projeto de modelagem em muito se assemelha a um projeto de desenvolvimento de software. Este trabalho realizou um levantamento bibliogråfico sobre estimativas de esforço para a realização de projetos de modelagem de processos de negócio e desenvolvimento de software buscando trabalhos contendo técnicas e métodos aplicåveis aos projetos de modelagem de processos de negócio na Petrobras

    Development of a scaling factors framework to improve the approximation of software functional size with COSMIC - ISO 19761

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    De nombreuses organisations de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels s’efforcent de fournir des produits de haute qualitĂ© tout en gardant un Ă©quilibre entre la satisfaction du client, le calendrier et le budget. L'estimation de l'effort de dĂ©veloppement des projets logiciel est l'un des dĂ©fis majeurs de ces organisations de dĂ©veloppement et ce dĂ©fi est gĂ©nĂ©ralement rencontrĂ© dĂšs les premiĂšres phases du cycle de vie du dĂ©veloppement. Pour relever ce dĂ©fi, les organisations de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels utilisent des techniques d'estimation prĂ©coce pour obtenir des estimations de l'effort au dĂ©but (c.-Ă -d. estimations a priori) afin d'aider les gestionnaires de projet et les responsables techniques dans la planification et la gestion des projets. L'une des approches pour l’estimation de l'effort a priori est basĂ©e sur l'approximation des fonctions attendues du logiciel. Ceci nĂ©cessite l'utilisation d'une mĂ©thode de mesure pour quantifier ces fonctions: la littĂ©rature rĂ©fĂšre Ă  la mesure de la taille fonctionnelle des produits logiciels - incluant les applications d'entreprise. DiffĂ©rentes normes internationales ont Ă©tĂ© adoptĂ©es pour mesurer la taille fonctionnelle des logiciels, telle que ISO 19761: COSMIC. Cependant, durant les premiĂšres phases du cycle de vie du dĂ©veloppement logiciel, et plus spĂ©cifiquement dans le processus d’estimation de la taille fonctionnelle du logiciel, l'absence de spĂ©cifications complĂštes et dĂ©taillĂ©es des exigences logicielles est commune, ce qui entraĂźne de nombreux dĂ©fis. Par exemple: le niveau de granularitĂ© (c.-Ă -d. le niveau de dĂ©tail) de la spĂ©cification des exigences fonctionnelles du logiciel est identifiĂ© subjectivement en utilisant l'intuition, l'expĂ©rience et/ou les opinions des experts du domaine; les facteurs d'Ă©chelle ne sont pas attribuĂ©s; il n’y a pas une notation standardisĂ©e pour dĂ©finir un ensemble standard de facteurs d'Ă©chelle que les ingĂ©nieurs des exigences peuvent affecter aux spĂ©cifications des exigences fonctionnelles des nouveaux projets de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels afin d'identifier leur niveau de granularitĂ©. Ces dĂ©fis affectent l’estimation de la taille fonctionnelle de nouveaux projets de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels puisque le rĂ©sultat de l’estimation de la taille fonctionnelle est l'une des entrĂ©es principales du processus d'estimation d'effort. Ces dĂ©fis empĂȘchent les gestionnaires des projets logiciels de construire des modĂšles rĂ©alistes d'estimation de l'effort pour les nouveaux projets de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels. La motivation de ce projet de recherche est d'aider les organisations du dĂ©veloppement logiciels et, en particulier, les gestionnaires des projets et les responsables techniques pour construire des modĂšles d'estimation de l’effort plus prĂ©cis et ce en amĂ©liorant l'une des entrĂ©es du processus d'estimation de l'effort, afin d'amĂ©liorer la planification, la gestion et le dĂ©veloppement des logiciels Ă  des phases prĂ©coces du cycle de vie du dĂ©veloppement des logiciels. Le but de ce projet de recherche est d'amĂ©liorer l'une des entrĂ©es du processus d'estimation de l'effort et en particulier la qualitĂ© de l’approximation de la taille fonctionnelle des nouveaux projets du dĂ©veloppement des logiciels. L'objectif principal de la recherche est de concevoir un cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă  ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par les ingĂ©nieurs des exigences pour attribuer des facteurs d'Ă©chelle pour les premiĂšres versions de la spĂ©cification des exigences fonctionnelles du logiciel afin d’identifier leur niveau de granularitĂ©, ce qui se dĂ©roule gĂ©nĂ©ralement aprĂšs l'Ă©tape de l'Ă©tude de faisabilitĂ© pour les nouveaux projets du dĂ©veloppement logiciels. Pour atteindre cet objectif de recherche, les principales phases de la mĂ©thodologie de recherche sont: ‱ la phase de recherche exploratoire: pour d'Ă©tudier l'impact du problĂšme de recherche sur l'approximation de la taille fonctionnelle; ‱ la phase de conception du cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence: pour concevoir la cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence qui attribue les facteurs d'Ă©chelle Ă  des spĂ©cifications fonctionnelles des exigences fonctionnelles pour identifier leurs niveaux de granularitĂ©; et ‱ la phase de vĂ©rification du cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence: c’est la phase qui vĂ©rifie la convivialitĂ© du cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence grĂące aux diffĂ©rents groupes de participants ayant des profils d'expĂ©rience diffĂ©rents, et qui vĂ©rifie l'applicabilitĂ© de cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence avec une variĂ©tĂ© d'Ă©tudes de cas reprĂ©sentant des systĂšmes logiciels diffĂ©rents. Le principal rĂ©sultat de ce projet de recherche est un cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence qui se compose: ‱ d'un mĂ©ta-modĂšle qui identifie les concepts et leurs relations qui doivent ĂȘtre recueillies par les ingĂ©nieurs des exigences pour atteindre la pleine spĂ©cification fonctionnelle des spĂ©cifications des exigences logicielles; et ‱ les critĂšres qui permettent d'identifier le niveau de granularitĂ© de la spĂ©cification des exigences logicielles, et de leur attribuer des facteurs d'Ă©chelle pour classer leurs niveaux de granularitĂ©. Le cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence a Ă©tĂ© vĂ©rifiĂ© pour utilisation avec la mĂȘme Ă©tude de cas par trois groupes de participants de l'industrie du gĂ©nie logiciel, tandis que son applicabilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© vĂ©rifiĂ©e avec quatre Ă©tudes de cas

    Improve software defect estimation with six sigma defect measures : empirical studies imputation techniques on ISBSG data repository with a high ratio of missing data

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    This research analysis work reports on a set of empirical studies tackling the research issues of improving software defect estimation models with Sigma defect measures (e.g., Sigma levels) using the ISBSG data repository with a high ratio of missing data. Three imputation techniques that were selected for this research work: single imputation, regression imputation, and stochastic regression imputation. These imputation techniques were used to impute the missing data within the variable ‘Total Number of Defects’, and were first compared with each other using common verification criteria. A further verification strategy was developed to compare and assess the performance of the selected imputation techniques through verifying the predictive accuracy of the obtained software defect estimation models form the imputed datasets. A Sigma-based classification was carried out on the imputed dataset of the better performance imputation technique on software defect estimation. This classification was used to determine at which levels of Sigma; the software projects can be best used to build software defect estimation models: which has resulted in Sigma-based datasets with Sigma ranging (e.g., dataset of software projects with a range from 3 Sigma to 4 Sigma). Finally, software defect estimation models were built on the Sigma-based datasets

    An open source software selection process and a case study

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    In this study, I design an empirical open source software selection process, which reuses some ideas from Commercial Off-the-Shelf selection methods and addresses the characteristics of the open source software. Basically, it consists of three basic steps: identification, screening and evaluation. The identification step is to find all possible alternatives to open source software that can meet the high level requirements. The next step is screening, in which the refined requirements are applied to filter the alternatives. The evaluation step is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, in which the alternatives are inspected from functional suitability, source code, support strength and popularity. In more detail, under functionality suitability criterion, alternatives to open source software are evaluated in viewing of how much functionality can fit in with the functional user requirements. The source code of the alternatives is evaluated from six criteria: programming language, code size, code comment, code intra-module complexity and code inter-module complexity. The evaluation of support strength depends on the evaluation of field support and support resources. The field support includes commercial support and community support. The community support specifically refers to the direct responses from the community to the support requests. Aside from field support, open source software projects also provide various support-related resources such as, documents, wiki, blog, etc. To determine the popularity of the alternatives, I evaluate them from software use, development participation and web popularity. In the case study, I utilize the process to select the best open source unified modeling language tool from the ten alternatives for the software development process. After the screening phase, the four competitive alternatives, BOUML, ArgoUML, UMLet and Violet, are evaluated from functionality, source code, support strength and popularity criteria. The evaluation result indicates that ArgoUML is the best tool for the requirement. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the selection process. Various important attributes of open source software are taken into consideration systematically and the final decision is reached based on comprehensive investigation and analysis. The process provides an operable solution to the open source selection problem in practice

    La chasse aux modes-B du fond diffus cosmologique dans la jungle des contaminations systématiques

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    This thesis presents a study of selected instrumental and astrophysical systematics, which may affect the performance of new generation of future observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization. It elaborates on their impact on the science goals of those observations and discusses techniques and approaches for their removal. Its focus is on general issues typical of entire classes of experiments, but also on specific problems as encountered in the context of a CMB B-mode experiment, POLARBEAR. The main target of the CMB polarization effort undergoing currently in the field is a detection of the primordial B-modes anisotropies --- a so far undetected signature of the inflationary theories. This would have far-reaching impact on our understanding of the universe but also fundamental laws of physics. Understanding, modelling, and ultimately removal of the systematics are essential steps in any modern CMB analysis pipeline and their successful accomplishment, together with a high instrumental sensitivity, will decide of a final success of the entire effort. In this thesis I first describe optics of typical CMB experiments and introduce a parametrization of instrumental and cross-polarization effects particularly convenient for the analysis of their impact. Second, I present a model describing the atmospheric contamination and use it to provide some insights about the atmosphere's role and its impact on performance of ground-based experiments. I also outline how it could be used further to improve control of atmospheric effects in the CMB data analysis. Then, I discuss another source of sky systematics --- the polarized astrophysical foregrounds. In this context I present on the one hand a new approach to forecasting performance of the future experiments, which accounts for the presence of the foregrounds, while on the other I propose a framework for optimizing hardware of such experiments to let them achieve better performance. This part of thesis stems from a common work with drs. F. Stivoli and R. Stompor. I finally present one of the leading CMB polarization experiment POLARBEAR, in which I have been involved in over the course of my PhD studies. I describe its current status and performance as well as selected steps of its data analysis pipeline. In particular, I show methods to estimate some of the parameters introduced for the systematics modeling from simulated data. This work has been performed in collaboration with members of the POLARBEAR team.Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente une Ă©tude de certains effets systĂ©matiques instrumentaux et astrophysiques, pouvant affecter les performances des nouvelles et futures gĂ©nĂ©rations d'observations de la polarisation du fond diffus cosmologique (CMB). Nous Ă©tudions l'impact de ces effets sur les objectifs scientifiques de ces observations, ainsi que les techniques pour leur Ă©limination. Ce travail se concentre sur les problĂšmes gĂ©nĂ©raux que rencontrent les expĂ©riences de maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, mais se penche Ă©galement sur les questions plus spĂ©cifiques soulevĂ©es dans le cadre de l'expĂ©rience d'observation des modes-B du CMB, POLARBEAR. L'objectif principal de l'effort actuel pour l'Ă©tude de la polarisation du CMB est une dĂ©tection des anisotropies primordiales appelĂ©es modes-B --- une signature des thĂ©ories inflationnaires non dĂ©tectĂ©e Ă  ce jour. Cela aurait un grand impact sur notre comprĂ©hension de l'univers, mais aussi des lois fondamentales de la physique. Comprendre, modĂ©liser, et, finalement, Ă©liminer ces effets systĂ©matiques sont des Ă©lĂ©ments indispensables pour tout pipeline d'analyse moderne du CMB. Sa rĂ©ussite, de concert avec une haute sensibilitĂ© instrumentale, dĂ©cidera du succĂšs final des efforts entrepris. Dans cette thĂšse je dĂ©cris tout d'abord l'optique des expĂ©riences typiques d'observation du CMB et propose un paramĂ©trage des polarisations instrumentale et croisĂ©e. DeuxiĂšmement, je prĂ©sente un modĂšle dĂ©crivant la contamination atmosphĂ©rique et utilise celui-ci afin de donner quelques aperçus sur le rĂŽle et l'impact de l'atmosphĂšre sur les performances des expĂ©riences au sol. J'indique Ă©galement comment ces rĂ©sultats peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour amĂ©liorer le contrĂŽle des effets atmosphĂ©riques dans l'analyse des donnĂ©es CMB. Ensuite, je discute d'une autre source d'effets systĂ©matiques venant du ciel --- les avants-plans astrophysiques polarisĂ©s. Dans ce contexte, je prĂ©sente d'une part une nouvelle approche pour prĂ©dire les performances des futures expĂ©riences prenant en compte la prĂ©sence des avant-plans, et d'autre part je propose un cadre pour l'optimisation des expĂ©riences afin qu'elles puissent atteindre de meilleures performances. Cette partie de la thĂšse est issue d'un travail commun avec F. Stivoli et R. Stompor. Je prĂ©sente enfin une expĂšrience phare pour l'observation de la polarisation du CMB, POLARBEAR, dans laquelle j'ai Ă©tĂ© impliquĂ© au cours de mes Ă©tudes doctorales. Je dĂ©cris le statut actuel et les performances de l'instrument ainsi que quelques Ă©tapes de son pipeline d'analyse des donnĂ©es. En particulier, je montre des mĂ©thodes d'estimation de certains des paramĂštres introduits pour la modĂ©lisation d'effets systĂ©matiques, Ă  partir de donnĂ©es simulĂ©es. Ce travail a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© en collaboration avec les membres de l'Ă©quipe POLARBEAR

    Southeast Asian Transformations: Urban and Rural Developments in the 21st Century

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    Southeast Asia is one of the most dynamic regions in the world. This volume offers a timely approach to Southeast Asian Studies, covering recent transitions in the realms of urbanism, rural development, politics, and media. While most of the contributions deal with the era of post-independence, some tackle the colonial period and the resulting developments. The volume also includes insights from Southern India. As a tribute to the interdisciplinary project of Southeast Asian Studies, this book brings together authors from disciplines as diverse as area studies, sociology, history, geography, and journalism

    The Role of Computers in Research and Development at Langley Research Center

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    This document is a compilation of presentations given at a workshop on the role cf computers in research and development at the Langley Research Center. The objectives of the workshop were to inform the Langley Research Center community of the current software systems and software practices in use at Langley. The workshop was organized in 10 sessions: Software Engineering; Software Engineering Standards, methods, and CASE tools; Solutions of Equations; Automatic Differentiation; Mosaic and the World Wide Web; Graphics and Image Processing; System Design Integration; CAE Tools; Languages; and Advanced Topics

    Representation of business processes at multiple levels of abstraction (strategic, tactical and operational) during the requirements elicitation stage of a software project, and the measurement of their functional size with ISO 19761

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    This thesis aims at helping software engineers and business analysts to better model business processes when those models are meant to be used: for software requirements specification, and for functional size measurement purposes. The research goal of this thesis is to contribute to the representation of business processes for its use during the requirements elicitation stage of a software project. To achieve this goal, two research objectives are clearly defined: 1. To propose a novel modeling approach that generates business process models intended to be used in a software requirements elicitation activity. The modeling approach should not significantly increase the complexity of the modeling notations used to represent the business processes; and it must allow the active participation of the various stakeholders involved in a typical software project in order to represent, in a consistent and structured way, their needs and constraints. 2. To develop a procedure to measure the functional size of a software application from the business process models representing it. This measurement procedure should be compatible with the COSMIC ISO 19761 standard; and it should be able to be used independently of the modeling notation used to represent the business process. To achieve the first objective, this thesis proposes a novel modeling approach (coined BPM+) that models business processes at three levels of abstraction: strategic, tactical and operational. An a priori version of BPM+ was designed based on the findings of the literature review. This a priori version was iteratively refined through a pilot case study in industry, a series of ontological analyses, and a survey of experts. As a result, a reviewed version of BPM+ was proposed. The reviewed version was evaluated through a second case study in industry. Therefore, the design of BPM+ has been based on a triangulation of evidences obtained from various sources. To achieve the second objective, the measurement procedure was developed from an analytical comparison between the specifications of COSMIC and those of the modeling notations selected for this research (i.e. BPMN and Qualigram). This analytical comparison helped to define a set of modeling guidelines for the business application software domain. The comparison also allowed defining a set of mapping rules between the modeling notations’ constructs and the COSMIC concepts. In addition, the modeling guidelines were adapted for their application to the real-time software domain. The measurement procedure was evaluated by comparing its measurement results to those obtained in COSMIC reference case studies. The research results demonstrate that: 1. BPM+ allows generating business process models that represent in a consistent and structured way the needs of various stakeholders. 2. Qualigram notation is better suited to BPM+’s design. In addition, Qualigram notation is preferred to be used for non-IT stakeholders, while BPMN is preferred for IT stakeholders. 3. The measurement procedure was successfully applied using two different notations: Qualigram and BPMN, and in two different software domains: the business application domain and the real-time domain. 4. The accuracy of the measurement procedure is in conformity with all the rules of the ISO 19761 standard
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