An Analysis of General and Multi-Area ICT ODA

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2021.8. 오윤아.This research examines the ODA patterns between South Korea’s partnering countries in Southeast Asia during 2015-2019. The partnering countries are six nations in Southeast Asia designated under KOICA’s 3rd Mid-Term Strategy for International Development Cooperation (2021-2025) (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam). The research aims to differentiate the cross-cutting traits of ICT projects by dividing them into two categories: General ICT and Multi-Area ICT. By doing so, the study organizes and recategorizes the existing ICT ODA projects into one group that focuses on the infrastructural and general technology-based aspect of ICT development and the other group that focuses on the integration with other sectors like agriculture, health, education, etc. Furthermore, the research analyzes the domestic ICT policies of the six partnering countries and compares the national focus given by the relevant ministry from 2015 to 2019. National Development Reports, Government Action Plans, and official news reports were observed to indicate the national agenda towards ICT development within the respective nation. Through the analysis, it was noticeable how some countries focused on ‘General ICT’ development, others toward ‘Multi-Area ICT’ development, and some countries focused on both. Ultimately, the ICT ODA statistics from EDCF and OECD are recategorized into the two groups and the ODA patterns by each group are compared with the policy analysis to conclude whether the ICT ODA patterns were consistent with the recipient country’s policies. Thereby, this research concludes how Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam’s ICT policies matched the ICT ODA patterns between South Korea while Cambodia, Myanmar, and the Philippines did not. Yet, all six countries expressed consistent, strong interest and need for ICT development within the recent five years which notes the potential South Korea can play as a donor country in the future for both General and Multi-Area ICT ODA.이 논문은 한국의 동남아시아 중점협력국 (캄보디아, 인도네시아, 라오스, 미얀마, 필리핀, 베트남) 공적개발원조(ODA) 양상을 고찰하며, 정보통신기술(ICT) 분야 ODA 재분류를 통해 해당 ODA와 협력국의 수요 일치 여부를 고찰한다. 한국은 국제사회에서 유일하게 원조 수원국에서 공여국으로 전환한 국가이며, 2009년 OECD DAC에 가입 후 본격적인 ODA 사업을 시작했다. 1990년대에 동남아시아 국가 연합(ASEAN)을 중심으로 경제통합이 활발해지며 경제성장 격차 해소를 위한 개발수요가 증가했다. 이후 한국은 ASEAN 특별정상회의를 지속적으로 가지며, 동남아시아 국가들 간의 개발격차 완화에 적극적인 지원을 해왔다. 특히 2021년 초 발표된 제3차 국제개발협력 종합기본계획 (‘21~’25년)을 살펴보면, ODA 규모의 2배 확대와 신남방정책에 맞춘 4대 전략목표 (포용적 ODA, 상생하는 ODA, 혁신적 ODA, 함께하는 ODA)와 12개의 중점과제를 제시했다. 또한 아시아 지역을 중점으로 한 지원정책을 통해 신남방 국가 사업 규모를 7,714억원으로 확장 시키며, 협력국들의 수요에 맞춘 효과적 개발협력 추진을 위해 노력하고 있다. 동시에 4차 산업혁명을 통해 ICT 인프라의 중요성이 강조되고 있고, 개발도상국들은 디지털 격차 (digital divide)로 인해 ICT 인프라 구축 및 기술 습득에 대한 수요가 높아지고 있다. 이를 바탕으로, 이 논문은 첫째, ICT ODA의 정의에 대한 재분류를 제시한다. OECD CRS분류에 따른 ‘ICT’의 분류 사업과 ICT 요소를 지닌 타 분류사업들을 수집 후 이를‘일반 ICT’와 ‘융합 ICT’로 재분류 한다. 둘째, 중점협력국의 각 국가개발보고서, 정보통신부의 정책들을 살펴보며 국가의 ICT 수요를 살펴본다. 셋째, 2015년도부터 2019년도 간 ICT ODA 양상을 살펴본 후 재분류를 통해 중점협력국의 수요에 부합하는 ICT ODA 사업이 추진되고 있는지 파악하고자 한다. 이 논문은 ICT ODA의 재분류와 중점협력국의 수요 분석을 통해 ICT의 범분야적 특성을 체계적으로 접근하여, ODA 사업 현황을 종합적으로 분석할 수 있음에 의미가 있다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2. Significance and Purpose of Research 4 1.3 Research Question and Design 7 1.4 Overview of Chapters 7 Chapter 2. Analytical Framework 9 2.1 Literature Review 9 2.1.1 ICT and Development 9 2.1.2 ICT ODA Categorization 15 2.2 ICT ODA Recategorization Framework 17 Chapter 3. ICT Policy in Partnering Countries 22 3.1 ICT Environment Comparison 24 3.2 Country’s ICT Policies 29 3.3 Summary 45 Chapter 4. Examining South Korea’s ICT ODA to Partnering Countries under Recategorization 47 4.1 South Korea’s ICT ODA with Partnering Countries (2015-2019) 47 4.1.1 General ICT ODA Status 50 4.1.2 Multi-Area ICT ODA Status 52 4.2 Match between Partner's policy focus and ICT ODA patterns 54 4.2.1 Overall Patterns of ICT ODA 54 4.2.2 Partnering Country’s ICT Policy Focus and ICT ODA Patterns 56 4.3 Summary 62 Chapter 5. Conclusion 63 5.1 Findings 63 5.2 Limitation and Future Research 65 Bibliography 68 Appendix 77 Abstract in Korean 127석

Counting Chickens When They Hatch: The Short-term Effect of Aid on Growth

Past research on aid and growth is flawed because it typically examines the impact of aggregate aid on growth over a short period, usually four years, while significant portions of aid are unlikely to affect growth in such a brief time. We divide aid into three categories: (1) emergency and humanitarian aid (likely to be negatively correlated with growth); (2) aid that affects growth only over a long period of time, if at all, such as aid to support democracy, the environment, health, or education (likely to have no relationship to growth over four years); and (3) aid that plausibly could stimulate growth in four years, including budget and balance of payments support, investments in infrastructure, and aid for productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. Our focus is on the third group, which accounts for about 53% of all aid flows. We find a positive, causal relationship between this “short-impact” aid and economic growth (with diminishing returns) over a four-year period. The impact is large: at least two-to-three times larger than in studies using aggregate aid. Even at a conservatively high discount rate, at the mean a $1 increase in short-impact aid raises output (and income) by$1.64 in present value in the typical country. From a different perspective, we find that higher-than-average short-impact aid to sub- Saharan Africa raised per capita growth rates there by about half a percentage point over the growth that would have been achieved by average aid flows. The results are highly statistically significant and stand up to a demanding array of tests, including various specifications, endogeneity structures, and treatment of influential observations. The basic result does not depend crucially on a recipient’s level of income or quality of institutions and policies; we find that short-impact aid causes growth, on average, regardless of these characteristics. However, we find some evidence that the impact on growth is somewhat larger in countries with stronger institutions or longer life expectancies (better health). We also find a significant negative relationship between debt repayments and growth. We make no statement on, and do not attempt to measure, any additional effect on growth from other categories of aid (e.g., emergency assistance or aid that might affect growth over a longer time period); four-year panel regressions are not an appropriate tool to examine those relationships.foreign aid, humanitarian aid, short impact, economic growth

Counting chickens when they hatch: The short-term effect of aid on growth

Past research on aid and growth is flawed because it typically examines the impact of aggregate aid on growth over a short period, usually four years, while significant portions of aid are unlikely to affect growth in such a brief time. We divide aid into three categories: (1) emergency and humanitarian aid (likely to be negatively correlated with growth); (2) aid that affects growth only over the long term, if at all, such as aid to support democracy, the environment, health, or education (likely to have no relationship to growth over four years); and (3) aid that plausibly could stimulate growth in four years, including budget and balance of payments support, investments in infrastructure, and aid for productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. Our focus is on the third group, which accounts for about 45% of all aid flows. We find a positive, causal relationship between this 'short-impact' aid and economic growth (with diminishing returns) over a four-year period. The impact is large: at least two-to-three times larger than in studies using aggregate aid. Even at a conservatively high discount rate, at the mean a $1 increase in short-impact aid raises output (and income) by$8 in present value in the typical country. From a different perspective, we find that higher-than-average short-impact aid to sub-Saharan Africa raised per capita growth rates there by about one percentage point over the growth that would have been achieved by average aid flows. The results are highly statistically significant and stand up to a demanding array of tests, including various specifications, endogeneity structures, and treatment of influential observations. The basic result does not depend crucially on a recipient's level of income or quality of institutions and policies; we find that short-impact aid causes growth, on average, regardless of these characteristics. However, we find some evidence that the impact on growth is somewhat larger in countries with stronger institutions or longer life expectancies (better health). We also find a significant negative relationship between debt repayments and growth. We make no statement on, and do not attempt to measure, any additional long-run effects of aid; four-year panel regressions are not an appropriate tool to examine those relationships.Foreign aid, development assistance, effectiveness, impact, growth, Burnside and Dollar, institutions, timing, interaction, effect, oda, humanitarian, short-term, short-run, long-term, long-run, disaggregated, disaggregation, disaggregate, budget support, social sector, cross-country, international

Transceiver architectures and sub-mW fast frequency-hopping synthesizers for ultra-low power WSNs

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have the potential to become the third wireless revolution after wireless voice networks in the 80s and wireless data networks in the late 90s. This revolution will finally connect together the physical world of the human and the virtual world of the electronic devices. Though in the recent years large progress in power consumption reduction has been made in the wireless arena in order to increase the battery life, this is still not enough to achieve a wide adoption of this technology. Indeed, while nowadays consumers are used to charge batteries in laptops, mobile phones and other high-tech products, this operation becomes infeasible when scaled up to large industrial, enterprise or home networks composed of thousands of wireless nodes. Wireless sensor networks come as a new way to connect electronic equipments reducing, in this way, the costs associated with the installation and maintenance of large wired networks. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the wireless node to a point where energy harvesting becomes feasible and the node energy autonomy exceeds the life time of the wireless node itself. This thesis focuses on the radio design, which is the backbone of any wireless node. A common approach to radio design for WSNs is to start from a very simple radio (like an RFID) adding more functionalities up to the point in which the power budget is reached. In this way, the robustness of the wireless link is traded off for power reducing the range of applications that can draw benefit form a WSN. In this thesis, we propose a novel approach to the radio design for WSNs. We started from a proven architecture like Bluetooth, and progressively we removed all the functionalities that are not required for WSNs. The robustness of the wireless link is guaranteed by using a fast frequency hopping spread spectrum technique while the power budget is achieved by optimizing the radio architecture and the frequency hopping synthesizer Two different radio architectures and a novel fast frequency hopping synthesizer are proposed that cover the large space of applications for WSNs. The two architectures make use of the peculiarities of each scenario and, together with a novel fast frequency hopping synthesizer, proved that spread spectrum techniques can be used also in severely power constrained scenarios like WSNs. This solution opens a new window toward a radio design, which ultimately trades off flexibility, rather than robustness, for power consumption. In this way, we broadened the range of applications for WSNs to areas in which security and reliability of the communication link are mandatory

iSEA: IoT-based smartphone energy assistant for prompting energy-aware behaviors in commercial buildings

Providing personalized energy-use information to individual occupants enables the adoption of energy-aware behaviors in commercial buildings. However, the implementation of individualized feedback still remains challenging due to the difficulties in collecting personalized data, tracking personal behaviors, and delivering personalized tailored information to individual occupants. Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are used in a variety of applications including real-time monitoring, control, and decision-making due to the flexibility of these technologies for fusing different data streams. In this paper, we propose a novel IoT-based smartphone energy assistant (iSEA) framework which prompts energy-aware behaviors in commercial buildings. iSEA tracks individual occupants through tracking their smartphones, uses a deep learning approach to identify their energy usage, and delivers personalized tailored feedback to impact their usage. iSEA particularly uses an energy-use efficiency index (EEI) to understand behaviors and categorize them into efficient and inefficient behaviors. The iSEA architecture includes four layers: physical, cloud, service, and communication. The results of implementing iSEA in a commercial building with ten occupants over a twelve-week duration demonstrate the validity of this approach in enhancing individualized energy-use behaviors. An average of 34% energy savings was measured by tracking occupants’ EEI by the end of the experimental period. In addition, the results demonstrate that commercial building occupants often ignore controlling over lighting systems at their departure events that leads to wasting energy during non-working hours. By utilizing the existing IoT devices in commercial buildings, iSEA significantly contributes to support research efforts into sensing and enhancing energy-aware behaviors at minimal costs

Opportunistic error correction: when does it work best for OFDM systems?

The water-filling algorithm enables an energy-efficient OFDM-based transmitter by maximizing the capacity of a frequency selective fading channel. However, this optimal strategy requires the perfect channel state information at the transmitter that is not realistic in wireless applications. In this paper, we propose opportunistic error correction to maximize the data rate of OFDM systems without this limit. The key point of this approach is to reduce the dynamic range of the channel by discarding a part of the channel in deep fading. Instead of decoding all the information from all the sub-channels, we only recover the data via the strong sub-channels. Just like the water-filling principle, we increase the data rate over the stronger sub-channels by sacrificing the weaker sub-channels. In such a case, the total data rate over a frequency selective fading channel can be increased. Correspondingly, the noise floor can be increased to achieve a certain data rate compared to the traditional coding scheme. This leads to an energy-efficient receiver. However, it is not clear whether this method has advantages over the joint coding scheme in the narrow-band wireless system (e.g. the channel with a low dynamic range), which will be investigated in this paper