IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC THERMAL RATING SYSTEM IN SLOVENIAN POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Zaradi sprememb v elektroenergetskem sistemu, ki so posledica rastoče porabe električne energije, visoki stopnji rasti elektrifikacije energije, spremenljivim vzorcem odjema in hitre integracije proizvodnje iz obnovljivih virov električne energije, postaja potreba po optimalnem izkoriščanju prenosne infrastrukture vse bolj aktualna tematika. Na drugi strani je zaradi nasprotovanja javnosti in civilnih združenj gradnja novih prenosnih električnih poti praktično povsod po Evropi izjemno problematična, zato je skoraj edina možnost izkoriščanje obstoječih naprav do skrajnih meja. Električna omrežja bodo morala biti načrtovana, grajena, vzdrževana in vodena na tak način, da bo obratovanje z njimi kos vsem naštetim izzivom. Pritisk na izrabo obstoječih in bodočih elementov prenosnega omrežja bo vedno večji. Zato se pri družbi ELES v okviru projekta Sistem za ugotavljanje meja obratovanja (SUMO) uvaja sistem za ocenjevanje dinamične termične zmogljivosti daljnovodov, t.i. DTR (ang. Dynamic Thermal Rating), ki bo sistemskemu operaterju prenosnega omrežja na pregleden način podal oceno prenosnih zmogljivosti glede na trenutne in napovedane atmosferske razmere ter obremenitev EES. V magistrskem delu so predstavljene obstoječe tehnologije in stanje DTR v Evropi. V nadaljevanju so opisani glavni sklopi projekta SUMO. V okviru uvedbe sistema DTR je opredeljena pomembnost nadzemnih vodov na podlagi katere se bo določala smiselnosti uporabe DTR in o tehnologiji, ki bo pri tem uporabljena na posameznem daljnovodu v slovensko elektroenergetskem prenosnem omrežju. V ta namen je predstavljena metodologijo oziroma predlagana kriterijska funkcija ter kot končni rezultat je vsakemu daljnovodu slovenskega EES podana prioriteta za uvedbo sistema DTR in njegova potrebna natančnost.Due to changes in the electricity power system, which are caused by rising electricity consumption, high growth rate of electrification energy, changing patterns of consumption and rapid integration of the production of renewable electricity, a necessity for optimal exploitation of the transmission infrastructure is becoming increasingly important topic. On the other hand, the construction of new electric transmission paths across the Europe is extremely problematic due to public opposition and civil associations. Therefore, almost the only possibility is the exploitation of the existing devices towards the frontiers. Electricity networks will need to be designed, constructed, maintained and managed in such a way that they will overcome all of the above mentioned challenges. The pressure on the utilization of existing and future elements of the transmission network will be growing in the future. Therefore, ELES is within the framework of the project System for the determination of the limits of operation (SUMO), establishing a system for the dynamic thermal performance of transmission lines, the so-called DTR (Dynamic Thermal Rating), which will in a transparent manner provide the Transmission System Operator an assessment of the transmission capacity, given the current and projected atmospheric conditions and the load of the EES. The thesis presents the current technology and state of DTR in Europe. In the following, the main elements of the project SUMO are described. As part of the introduction of the DTR the importance of overhead lines on the basis of which the reasonableness of the use of DTR will be determinated is identified and the technology that will be used for a single transmission line in the Slovenian electricity transmission network. For this purpose, the methodology is presented and the criteria function proposed. As the final result, for each power line of the Slovenian electricity transmission network the priority for the introduction of the DTR and its required accuracy is given

REGIONALY IMPORTANT SINCRO.GRID SMART GRID PROJECT

Regional transmission and distribution challenges has evolved and changed a lot in recent years. Four contradictory influences increasingly affected the operations of Slovenian and Croatian electricity systems. Regional electricity systems experienced increasing support of RES integration to meet the EU targets, a lower electricity consumption due to the economic crisis, a growing lack of centralized electricity production for electric system support and the high interconnectivity between the neighboring control zones. TSOs and DSOs observed growing network overvoltage issues as well as a decrease in secondary reserve capacities. Such situation starts to impact national and regional renewable integration targets affecting the security of supply at European level. SINCRO.GRID joint investment project addressed the above-mentioned issues in a sustainable manner. Such cross-border systemic approach will bring synergetic benefits. It will enable an acceptable level of security of operation for at least the next ten years hosting levels of RES in line with the trends foreseen to reach the 2030 targets safely. The project is going to integrate new active elements in the transmission and distribution grids. It leans on the following main pillars: deployment of six compensation devices, deployment of advanced dynamic thermal rating (DTR) systems, deployment of electricity storage systems, integration of distributed renewable generation (DG) and deployment of a virtual cross-border control center (VCBCC). A key aspect of the SINCRO.GRID project lies in the synergy brought by the simultaneous innovative deployment of a portfolio of mature technology-based solutions bring high benefits and positive externalities for the region and European Union

REGIONALY IMPORTANT SINCRO.GRID SMART GRID PROJECT

Regional transmission and distribution challenges has evolved and changed a lot in recent years. Four contradictory influences increasingly affected the operations of Slovenian and Croatian electricity systems. Regional electricity systems experienced increasing support of RES integration to meet the EU targets, a lower electricity consumption due to the economic crisis, a growing lack of centralized electricity production for electric system support and the high interconnectivity between the neighboring control zones. TSOs and DSOs observed growing network overvoltage issues as well as a decrease in secondary reserve capacities. Such situation starts to impact national and regional renewable integration targets affecting the security of supply at European level. SINCRO.GRID joint investment project addressed the above-mentioned issues in a sustainable manner. Such cross-border systemic approach will bring synergetic benefits. It will enable an acceptable level of security of operation for at least the next ten years hosting levels of RES in line with the trends foreseen to reach the 2030 targets safely. The project is going to integrate new active elements in the transmission and distribution grids. It leans on the following main pillars: deployment of six compensation devices, deployment of advanced dynamic thermal rating (DTR) systems, deployment of electricity storage systems, integration of distributed renewable generation (DG) and deployment of a virtual cross-border control center (VCBCC). A key aspect of the SINCRO.GRID project lies in the synergy brought by the simultaneous innovative deployment of a portfolio of mature technology-based solutions bring high benefits and positive externalities for the region and European Union

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND LIST OF UNION PROJECTS OF COMMON INTEREST: EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE PROJECTS OF COMMON INTEREST IN THE FIELD OF SMART GRIDS

The document presents the outcome of the evaluation process of candidate Projects of Common Interest in the area of Smart Grids, under the trans-European energy infrastructure regulation. The evaluation follows the guidelines of the assessment framework for Smart Grid projects, developed by the JRC within the EC Smart Grid Task Force.JRC.F.3-Energy Security, Systems and Marke

Evaluation of Smart Grid projects for inclusion in the third Union-wide list of Projects of Common Interest: Evaluation of candidate projects in the TEN-E priority thematic area of smart grids deployment

The document presents the outcome of the evaluation process of candidate Projects of Common Interest in the priority thematic area of ‘smart grids deployment’, as set out in the trans-European energy infrastructure regulation. The evaluation follows the guidelines of the assessment framework for smart grid Projects of Common Interest, 2017 update, developed by the JRC and adopted by the smart grid Regional Group. The report aims to assist the smart grids Regional Group in proposing projects of common interest in the area of smart grids deployment to be included in the 3rd Union list of Projects of Common Interest.JRC.C.3-Energy Security, Distribution and Market

Application of Building Typologies for Modelling the Energy Balance of the Residential Building Stock

Building typologies can serve as a basis for analysing the national housing sector. During the TABULA project which was introducing or further developing building typologies in thirteen EU countries, six of the European partners have carried out model calculations which aim at imaging the energy consumption and estimating the energy saving potentials of their national residential building stocks (IWU / Germany, NOA / Greece, POLITO / Italy, VITO / Belgium, STU-K / Czech Republic, SBi / Denmark). The results show that the model calculations can provide plausible projections of the energy consumption of the national residential buildings stock. The fit of model calculations and national energy statistics is satisfactory, deviations can often be explained and corrected by adapting standard boundary conditions of the applied calculation models to more realistic values. In general, the analysis shows that building typologies can be a helpful tool for modelling the energy consumption of national building stocks and for carrying out scenario analysis beyond the TABULA project. The consideration of a set of representative buildings makes it possible to have a detailed view on various packages of measures for the complete buildings stock or for its sub-categories. The effects of different insulation measures at the respective construction elements as well as different heat supply measures including renewable energies can be considered in detail. The quality of future model calculations will depend very much on the availability of statistical data. For reliable scenario analysis information is necessary about the current state of the building stock (How many buildings and heating systems have been refurbished until now?) and about the current trends (How many buildings and heating systems are being refurbished every year?). The availability and regular update of the relevant statistical data will be an important basis for the development and evaluation of national climate protection strategies in the building secto

Active Management of Distributed Generation based on Component Thermal Properties

Power flows within distribution networks are expected to become increasingly congested with the proliferation of distributed generation (DG) from renewable energy resources. Consequently, the size, energy penetration and ultimately the revenue stream of DG schemes may be limited in the future. This research seeks to facilitate increased renewable energy penetrations by utilising power system component thermal properties together with DG power output control techniques. The real-time thermal rating of existing power system components has the potential to unlock latent power transfer capacities. When integrated with a DG power output control system, greater installed capacities of DG may be accommodated within the distribution network. Moreover, the secure operation of the network is maintained through the constraint of DG power outputs to manage network power flows. The research presented in this thesis forms part of a UK government funded project which aims to develop and deploy an on-line power output control system for wind-based DG schemes. This is based on the concept that high power flows resulting from wind generation at high wind speeds could be accommodated since the same wind speed has a positive effect on component cooling mechanisms. The control system compares component real-time thermal ratings with network power flows and produces set points that are fed back to the DG for implementation. The control algorithm comprises: (i) An inference engine (using rule-based artificial intelligence) that decides when DG control actions are required; (ii) a DG set point calculator (utilising predetermined power flow sensitivity factors) that computes updated DG power outputs to manage distribution network power flows; and (iii) an on-line simulation tool that validates the control actions before dispatch. A section of the UK power system has been selected by ScottishPower EnergyNetworks to form the basis of field trials. Electrical and thermal datasets from the field are used in open loop to validate the algorithms developed. The loop is then closed through simulation to automate DG output control for increased renewable energy penetrations

Recommendation on Summer energy efficiency on national building codes

The building regulations have a major role in controlling and limiting the energy consumption of the building sector. The Thermal Building Regulations of the European countries although had followed the EPBD Directive in what concerns the methodologies, differs on the re-quirements and recommendations on summer comfort and energy consumption for cooling, due to the particular conditions of each country. A review of the national building codes concerning envelope constructive solutions (opaque and transparent), thermal mass, ventilation rates, energy consumption methodology and correspondent values limits has been undertaken for the participating countries of the Keep-Cool II Project and, was extended to other countries, by consulting building codes, technical reports concerning energy use in buildings and by direct contacts with colleagues. The goal of this analysis consists on put in evidence the different strategies adopted and try to share and to supply information and experiences in so far as, the energy demand for cooling in European buildings is the energy use in the building sector with high increase rate among the other energy uses. In fact, cooling can be avoided or significantly reduced, with-out risking summer thermal comfort, by means of mature passive cooling solutions, renew-able energy sources and reducing internal heat gains. This present report summarizes, in Chapter 1, the information that has been compiled from questionnaire answers of partners of the Keep Cool II Project: Austria, France, Italy, German, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and United Kingdom. Chapter 2 summarizes de final remarks and conclusions of the building regulations related to summer comfort and energy for cooling in or order to contribute for the dissemination activi-ties. In the Annexes are the questionnaire (Annex A) and the systematized replies to the ques-tionnaire in a comparative form (Annex B), In the Annex C is the name of the experts that have answered to the questionnaire by country and institution. A review of the national build-ing codes for other European countries is presented In the Annex D: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia Republic, Spain

Analysis of the effects of aerogel insulation on the thermal performance of existing building envelopes

Hard-to-treat buildings, dwellings in particular have a significant impact on overall building energy consumption. With approximately five million hard-to-treat dwellings in the United Kingdom, their impact on energy and climate change policy due to their poor energy performance cannot be ignored. This research aimed to develop a solution to reduce the impact of these dwellings by integrating high performance aerogel insulation into the existing hard-to treat building envelope. The suitability of silica aerogel as a potential insulation material for 'hard-to-treat‘ existing walls was first examined followed by an analysis of the effects of its impact on existing building envelopes‘ thermal performance. The methods employed in this research involved a combination of field and laboratory testing in order to determine physical properties of the material as well as the suitability of material combinations to form a wall component. Computer simulation software was used to determine the performance of the developed aerogel component on 'hard-to-treat‘ walls; with the data used to generate the computer simulations being derived from field and laboratory tests. The results of these tests and the subsequent computer simulations have shown that, in many cases, application of the aerogel component satisfies current regulatory requirements for existing walls but also, some of the simulation data suggests benefits with regard to interstitial and surface condensation. In broad terms, the aerogel component has been shown to be significantly advantageous in improving the overall thermal performance of existing 'hard-to-treat‘ walls.This research forms the result of a Knowledge Transfer Partnership between Edinburgh Napier University, A Proctor Group Ltd and the Technology Strategy Board, now known as Innovate UK