Chaotic behaviour in on-chip automatic tuning loops for continuous-time filters

Postprint (published version

Design study of a low cost civil aviation GPS receiver system

A low cost Navstar receiver system for civil aviation applications was defined. User objectives and constraints were established. Alternative navigation processing design trades were evaluated. Receiver hardware was synthesized by comparing technology projections with various candidate system designs. A control display unit design was recommended as the result of field test experience with Phase I GPS sets and a review of special human factors for general aviation users. Areas requiring technology development to ensure a low cost Navstar Set in the 1985 timeframe were identified

Wearable estimation of central aortic blood pressure.

Arterial hypertension affects a third of the world's population and is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure (BP) is one of the most relevant parameters used for monitoring of possible hypertension states in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Hence, there exists a need for new monitoring solutions, which allow to increase the frequency between BP assessments, but also allow to reduce the level of occlusion in the attempts. Moens-Korteweg equation is among the main principles to estimate BP by dispensing of any inflatable cuff. This principle might lead to an indirect estimation of BP by measuring the time it takes the pressure pulse to propagate between two pre-established vascular points, accordingly the pulse transit time (PTT) method. This thesis proposes a wearable PTT-based method to estimate central aortic BP (CABP) and, the main milestones of this work included: proof of concept of the proposed method (pilot work), the development of a wearable device (including two stages of validation), the proposition of a miniaturized version (integrated circuit) of the analog front-end of the wearable hardware, and, the development of a novel PTT-based model (PTTBM, i.e., the mathematical relationship between measured variables and estimated BP) suitable for the proposed wearable methodology to estimate BP. The main contributions found at each milestone are presented. One of the contributions of this thesis is the use of the PTT-principle for estimating CABP instead of the peripheral BP (PBP) (as typically used in the literature). The pilot work showed the feasibility of CABP estimation from the PTT principle by using electrocardiogram (ECG) and ballistocardiogram (BCG) recordings from off-the-shelf equipment. Results showed that CABP was more correlated with the proposed methodology in comparison to all PBP variables assessed; confirming our hypothesis that the CABP is the most suitable parameter to collate through the time elapsed from ECG R-wave to the BCG J-wave. That is, considered featured time (RJ-interval) includes the time of a pulse pressure propagating at an aortic district. Bland-Altman plots showed an almost zero mean error (\u\ < 0.02mmHg) and bounded standard deviation o < 5mmHg for all systolic and mean central BP readings. Pilot work provided a landmark in order to develop a compact device that allows the integration of wireless blood pressure monitoring into a wearable system. Another contribution of this thesis is the proposition of a wearable device for PTT-computing by also including design considerations for the signal conditioning chains for ECG and BCG signals. The proposed design procedure takes care of minimizing the impact of spurious delays between physiological signals, which eventually degrade the PTT computation. Further, such a procedure could be suitable for any PTT-acquisition. Filtering with low and controlled delay is required for this biomedical application, and proposed conditioning chains provide less than 2ms group-delay, showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In order to provide the methodology with higher autonomy and integration, a highly miniaturized implementation of the filtering approach was also proposed. It includes the design of proposed architectures in CMOS technology to implement the particular low-delay filtering at reduced bandwidth featuring ultra-low-power characteristics. Results show that less than 2ms delay for the ECG QRS-complex can be achieved with a total current consumption of IDD = 2:1nA at VDD = 1:2V of power supply. Such development meant another significant contribution of this work in the conception of highly autonomous wearable devices for PTT acquisition. The first stage of validations on the wearable CABP estimation showed that, when considering data from one volunteer, results achieved with off-the-shelf equipment could be replicated by using a proposed wearable device, and the method could be further validated by using the wearable version. Additionally, CABP estimation from the proposed wearable device could be feasible by using three feature times (FTs) as CABP surrogates; that is, RI, RJ, and IJ intervals (from ECG and BCG wearable recordings). The first validation of the method also showed that CABP could be accurately predicted by the proposed methodology when in the order of daily calibrations are performed. The second stage of validations involved a study with a group of volunteers, and new alternatives were explored (twentyseven: nine PTTBMs along the three FTs) for the CABP estimation. We found that CABP could be accurately estimated (inside AAMI requirements) through the presented methodology by using four of the explored alternatives, whereas the RI interval, an FT lacking any PTT assessment, emerged as the best surrogate for the CABP estimation. Hence, a principle different from the traditional PTT-based method arises as a more advantageous method for the CABP estimation in the light of evidence reported in this validation, and, to our knowledge, this is the first time that CABP has been successfully estimated from a wearable device. The final significant contribution of this thesis meant the last chain-link in the process to achieve an utterly original method to estimate CABP. A novel PTTBM to estimate CABP is proposed, which uses a ow-driven two-element Windkesel network constructed from FTs extracted from the wearable recordings. When classic PTTBMs are applied, the fitting of parameters often leads to values without a physiological basis. Opposite to that in the proposed PTTBM, the parameters have a clear physiological meaning, and the parameter fitting led to values that are consistent with this meaning and more stable throughout calibrations. In conclusion, this thesis introduces a novel device that exploits an alternative and indirect method for CABP estimation. Variants of the principle used, accordingly, PTT method, have been previously explored to estimate PBP but not for central aortic BP. Additionally, the device was designed to be wearable; that is, it is attached to the clothes, causing low discomfort for the user during the measurement, thus, allowing continuous and ambulatory monitoring of aortic pressure. The developed wearable system, validated in a series of volunteers, showed promising results towards the continuous CABP monitoring.Se estima que casi un tercio de la población adulta mundial sufre de algún grado de hipertensión, siendo esto un factor de riesgo significativo para la enfermedad cardiovascular. La presión arterial (PA) es el parámetro utilizado para evaluar estos posibles estados de hipertensión; actualmente existe una necesidad de generación de nuevas tecnologías que permitan aumentar la frecuencia entre medidas de PA, pero al mismo tiempo de reducir el nivel de oclusión de éstas (técnicas aceptadas están mayoritariamente basadas en la oclusión y son de acceso limitado). El modelo Moens-Korteweg podría proveer los argumentos para la creación de nuevas técnicas para estimar la PA prescindiendo de cualquier brazalete inflable. Más específicamente, podría obtenerse una estimación indirecta de la PA a través de la medición del tiempo que tarda el pulso de presión en propagarse entre dos puntos vasculares predefinidos, método conocido como tiempo de tránsito del pulso (PTT). En la presente tesis se desarrolló un dispositivo vestible que explota este método alternativo e indirecto para la estimación de la PA pero a nivel central, es decir, busca estimar la PA en la aorta (CABP), la principal arteria de la red vascular. Para ello, los principales desarrollos de este trabajo incluyeron : prueba de concepto del método propuesto basado en PTT para estimar CABP, el desarrollo de un dispositivo vestible (incluyendo dos etapas de validaciones para la estimación de la PA), la propuesta de un circuito integrado para el hardware vestible y el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo para la estimación de la PA (PTTBM, es decir, la relación matemática que vincula las variables medidas con el hardware diseñado y la estimación de la PA). A continuación se presentan las principales contribuciones resultantes de cada frente de trabajo. Una de las contribuciones de esta tesis es el uso del principio PTT para estimar CABP en lugar de la BP periférica (PBP) (como se usa típicamente en la literatura). La prueba de concepto mostró la viabilidad de la estimación de CABP a partir del principio PTT mediante la adquisición de señales electrocardiograma (ECG) y balistocardiograma (BCG) utilizando equipos comerciales. Los resultados mostraron que CABP estaba más correlacionado con la metodología propuesta en comparación con todas las variables de PBP evaluadas; confirmando nuestra hipótesis de que la CABP sería la variable más adecuada para estimar a partir del tiempo transcurrido desde la onda R del ECG hasta la onda J del BCG. Es decir, el tiempo considerado (intervalo RJ) incluye un tiempo de propagación del pulso de presión a través de un segmento aórtico. Las gráficas de Bland-Altman mostraron un error medio casi nulo (\u\ < 0.02mmHg) y una precisión o < 5mmHg para las variables de presión sistólica y media centrales. La prueba de concepto proporcionó un hito para desarrollar un dispositivo vestible apuntando a la monitorización inalámbrica de la presión arterial en un sistema imperceptible para el usuario. Otra contribución de esta tesis es la propuesta de este dispositivo vestible para la adquisición de la PTT. El desarrollo incluye consideraciones de instrumentación necesarias para el correcto acondicionamiento de las señales ECG y BCG, de las cuales se obtiene la PTT. En particular, el procedimiento de diseño propuesto busca minimizar el impacto de los retrasos espurios entre las señales fisiológicas, que eventualmente degradan la computación de la PTT. Además, dicho procedimiento podría ser aprovechado por otros desarrolladores del método sin importar las definiciones de PTT que éstos usen. La limitación de banda con bajo retardo es necesario para esta aplicación biomédica, y el hardware de acondicionamiento propuesto proporciona menos de 2 ms de retraso en las se~nales (ECG y BCG) mientras consigue limitar sus bandas a decenas de Hz, lo que muestra la efectividad de la metodología propuesta. Adicionalmente, con el fin de proporcionar a la metodología de una mayor autonomía e integración, se propone una implementación altamente miniaturizada de la sección de filtrado con bajo retraso. Se incluye el diseño de nuevas topologías propuestas en tecnología CMOS para implementar el particular filtro de bajo retraso con reducido ancho de banda, y con características de ultra bajo consumo de potencia. El diseño integrado consigue obtener resultados similares al obtenido anteriormente (con componentes discretos) alcanzando un retraso de menos de 2 ms para el complejo QRS del ECG, pero con un consumo de IDD = 2:1 nA a un VDD = 1:2 V . Tal desarrollo significó otra contribución de este trabajo en el área de circuitos altamente autónomos para instrumentación biomédica. La primera etapa de validaciones en la estimación vestible de la CABP se basó en experimentaciones con un voluntario, mostrando que, la estimación vestible podría alcanzar los mismos resultados que los alcanzados utilizando equipos de investigación, permitiendo así avanzar en la validación del método propuesto utilizando el equipamiento vestible diseñado. Además de esto, se encontró que la estimación de CABP a partir del dispositivo vestible podría ser factible utilizando varios tiempos característicos (FT) extraídos de las señales vestibles ECG y BCG (intervalos RI, RJ e IJ) junto con un popular PTTBM. La primera validación del método también arrojó que la metodología propuesta podría estimar con precisión la CABP cuando el tiempo entre calibraciones es del orden de un día. La segunda etapa de validación implicó un estudio con un grupo de voluntarios, nuevas alternativas se exploraron esta vez (veintisiete: nueve PTTBM con tres FT) para la estimación de CABP. Descubrimos que CABP podría estimarse con precisión (dentro de los requisitos de AAMI) a través de la metodología presentada mediante el uso de cuatro de las alternativas exploradas, mientras que el intervalo RI, siendo un FT que a priori no tiene ninguna vinculación con un PTT, surge como el mejor estimador de la CABP. Se concluye entonces, que un principio diferente del método tradicional basado en PTT podría ser más ventajoso para la estimación de CABP a la luz de la evidencia encontrada en esta validación y, adicionalmente, a nuestro entender, esta es la primera vez que CABP se estima con éxito a partir de un dispositivo vestible. La contribución final de esta tesis significó el último eslabón de la cadena en el proceso de lograr un método completamente original para estimar CABP de punta a punta. Se propone un nuevo PTTBM para estimar CABP, éste es basado en una red Windkesel de dos elementos bajo una excitación de flujo. Estos elementos del PTTBM son construidos a partir de cantidades extraídas a través de procesamiento de las señales vestibles ECG y BCG. Cuando se aplican los PTTBM clásicos, el ajuste de sus parámetros (en calibración) a menudo conducen a valores sin base fisiológica, mostrando a su vez, una dispersión en sus valores a lo largo de distintas calibraciones que podrían ser inaceptables en la práctica. En contraposición, los parámetros del PTTBM propuesto convergen a cantidades con significado fisiologico claro y estable a lo largo de las calibraciones. En conclusión, esta tesis presenta un dispositivo novedoso que explota un método alternativo e indirecto para la estimación de CABP. El método propuesto es basado en la metodología de PTT, que si bien ha sido previamente explotado para estimar PBP, no se ha dirigido éste hacia el monitoreo vestible de la PA aórtica central. En este marco se desarrolla un dispositivo vestible, causando baja molestia en el usuario durante las mediciones, lo que permitiría un monitoreo continuo y ambulatorio real de la presión aórtica central. El sistema vestible desarrollado, validado en una serie de voluntarios, ha mostrado resultados prometedores hacia el monitoreo continuo de CABP

Communication Subsystems for Emerging Wireless Technologies

The paper describes a multi-disciplinary design of modern communication systems. The design starts with the analysis of a system in order to define requirements on its individual components. The design exploits proper models of communication channels to adapt the systems to expected transmission conditions. Input filtering of signals both in the frequency domain and in the spatial domain is ensured by a properly designed antenna. Further signal processing (amplification and further filtering) is done by electronics circuits. Finally, signal processing techniques are applied to yield information about current properties of frequency spectrum and to distribute the transmission over free subcarrier channels

Automatic tuning of continuous-time filters

Integrated high-Q continuous-time filters require adaptive tuning circuits that will correct the filter parameters such as center frequency and quality factor (Q). Three different automatic tuning techniques are introduced. In all of the proposed methods, frequencyand quality factor tuning loops are controlled digitally, providing stable tuning by activating only one loop at a given time. In addition, a direct relationship between passband gain and quality factor is not required, so the techniques can be applied to active LC filters as well as Gm-C filters. The digital-tuning method based on phase comparison was verified with 1% tuning accuracy at 5.5 MHz for Q of 20. It uses phase information for both Q and center-frequency tuning. The filter output phase is tuned to the known references, which are generated by a frequency synthesizer. The core tuning circuit consists of D flip-flops (DFF) and simple logic gates. DFFs are utilized to perform binary phase comparisons. The second method, high-order digital tuning based on phase comparison, is an extension of the previous technique to high-order analog filters without depending on the master-slave approach. Direct tuning of the overall filter response is achieved without separating individual biquad sections, eliminating switches and their parasitics. The tuning system was verified with a prototype 6th order bandpass filter at 19 MHz with 0.6 MHz bandwidth, which was fabricated in a conventional 0.5 [mu]m CMOS technology. Analysis of different practical limitations is also provided. Finally, the digital-tuning method based on magnitude comparison is proposed for second-order filters for higher frequency operations. It incorporates a frequency synthesizer to generate reference signals, an envelope detector and a switched comparator to compare output magnitudes at three reference frequencies. The theoretical analysis of the technique and the simulation results are provided

High performance DSP-based servo drive control for a limited-angle torque motor

This thesis describes the analysis, design and implementation of a high performance DSP-based servo drive for a limited-angle torque motor used in thermal imaging applications. A limited-angle torque motor is an electromagnetic actuator based on the Laws' relay principle, and in the present application the rotation required was from - 10° to + 10° in 16 ms, with a flyback period of 4 ms. To ensure good quality picture reproduction, an exceptionally high linearity of ±0.02 ° was necessary throughout the forward sweep. In addition, the drive voltage to the exciting winding of the motor should be less than the +35 V ceiling of the drive amplifier. A research survey shows that little literature was available, probably due to the commercial sensitivity of many of the applications for torque motors. A detailed mathematical model of the motor drive, including high-order linear dynamics and the significant nonlinear characteristics, was developed to provide an insight into the overall system behaviour. The proposed control scheme uses a multicompensator, multi-loop linear controller, to reshape substantially the motor response characteristic, with a non-linear adaptive gain-scheduled controller to compensate effectively for the nonlinear variations of the motor parameters. The scheme demonstrates that a demanding nonlinear control system may be conveniently analysed and synthesised using frequency-domain methods, and that the design techniques may be reliably applied to similar electro-mechanical systems required to track a repetitive waveform. A prototype drive system was designed, constructed and tested during the course of the research. The drive system comprises a DSP-based digital controller, a linear power amplifier and the feedback signal conditioning circuit necessary for the closed-loop control. A switch-mode amplifier was also built, evaluated and compared with the linear amplifier. It was shown that the overall performance of the linear amplifier was superior to that of the switch-mode amplifier for the present application. The control software was developed using the structured programming method, with the continuous controller converted to digital form using the bilinear transform. The 6- operator was used rather than the z-operator, since it is more advantageous for high speed sampling systems. The gain-scheduled control was implemented by developing a schedule table, which is controlled by the DSP program to update continuously the controller parameters in synchronism with the periodic scanning of the motor. The experimental results show excellent agreement with the simulated results, with linearity of ±0.05 ° achieved throughout the forward sweep. Although this did not quite meet the very demanding specifications due to the limitations of the experimental drive system, it clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. The discrepancies between simulated and experimental results are analyzed and discussed, the control design method is reviewed, and detailed suggestions are presented for further work which may improve the drive performance

Ultra-Low Power Transmitter and Power Management for Internet-of-Things Devices

Two of the most critical components in an Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensing and transmitting node are the power management unit (PMU) and the wireless transmitter (Tx). The desire for longer intervals between battery replacements or a completely self-contained, battery-less operation via energy harvesting transducers and circuits in IoT nodes demands highly efficient integrated circuits. This dissertation addresses the challenge of designing and implementing power management and Tx circuits with ultra-low power consumption to enable such efficient operation. The first part of the dissertation focuses on the study and design of power management circuits for IoT nodes. This opening portion elaborates on two different areas of the power management field: Firstly, a low-complexity, SPICE-based model for general low dropout (LDO) regulators is demonstrated. The model aims to reduce the stress and computation times in the final stages of simulation and verification of Systems-on-Chip (SoC), including IoT nodes, that employ large numbers of LDOs. Secondly, the implementation of an efficient PMU for an energy harvesting system based on a thermoelectric generator transducer is discussed. The PMU includes a first-in-its-class LDO with programmable supply noise rejection for localized improvement in the suppression. The second part of the dissertation addresses the challenge of designing an ultra- low power wireless FSK Tx in the 900 MHz ISM band. To reduce the power consumption and boost the Tx energy efficiency, a novel delay cell exploiting current reuse is used in a ring-oscillator employed as the local oscillator generator scheme. In combination with an edge-combiner PA, the Tx showed a measured energy efficiency of 0.2 nJ/bit and a normalized energy efficiency of 3.1 nJ/(bit∙mW) when operating at output power levels up to -10 dBm and data rates of 3 Mbps. To close this dissertation, the implementation of a supply-noise tolerant BiCMOS ring-oscillator is discussed. The combination of a passive, high-pass feedforward path from the supply to critical nodes in the selected delay cell and a low cost LDO allow the oscillator to exhibit power supply noise rejection levels better than –33 dB in experimental results