Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting estimates of appropriations required for the service of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895.

Estimates of Appropriations. 4 Dec. HED 5, 53-2, v24, 397p. [3221] Year ending 30 June 1895; Indian expenses

Westward Empire: George Berkeley’s ‘Verses on the Prospect of Planting of Arts’ in American Art and Cultural History

This study investigates the extraordinary half-life of a single line of poetry: “Westward the Course of Empire takes its Way…”. Beginning with their composition in 1726 by the Irish- Anglican bishop George Berkeley, these words colonized an enormous swath of cultural landscape over nearly two centuries. Immortalized in newsprint, broadsides, statesmen’s speeches, reading primers, geographies, the first scholarly history of the United States, as well as in poetry, paintings, lithographs, and photographs, the words evolved from an old-world vision of prophetic empire into a nationalist slogan of manifest destiny. Following the poem as it threads through literary and visual culture, this project demonstrates how a simple sentence acclimated Americans to an expansive conception of United States empire from the colonial period through Reconstruction. The persistent certainty about the westward progress of empire, indeed, about the inevitability of empire itself, demonstrates the enduring vitality of the colonists’ British cultural inheritance on the eve of the American Revolution. As equally important are the ways that Americans reshaped the ideology of the poem to fit their evolving sense of national self in the early republic and antebellum eras. Berkeley’s words offered a critical venue for nationalistic explorations in the early decades of the new republic, easing the transformation of the nation into a capitalist, acquisitive society; in the mid-nineteenth-century conflicts, they served to justify American bellicose imperialism in the Mexican-American War, while deeply informed the debates surrounding the coming of the Civil War and its immediate aftermath, as the nation wrestled over the contours of America’s future. For two centuries, this ideology has enabled Americans to be both convinced evangelists of the exceptional character of their democratic-republican form of government and, in the same breath, self-righteous defenders of their imperial prerogative, first over the north American continent and its indigenous inhabitants, and ultimately over a global colonial empire. “Westward Empire” reveals the ways that Berkeley’s poem shaped this unique ideology, as well as the ways that Americans adapted Berkeley’s poem to their unique circumstances, and the ways that this evolving and multi-layered interpretation in turn shaped American thought and behavior between 1752 and 1876

An Historical and Ethnographic Study of Cultural Change and Continuity in the Construction and Use of Vernacular Watercraft in the Tanga Region, Tanzania

As global technology and corresponding security risks ever expand, traditional lifeways and archaic maritime landscapes are placed in ever greater danger of extinction. Within the Tanga region of Tanzania, numerous maritime populations face both social and cultural pressures that threaten their means of survival and the foundations of their collective identity. Ocean and riverine communities like Pangani, a nineteenth-century slave trade seaport and terminus for inland caravan routes, as well as rural villages such as Tongoni, Mwarongo, and Saadani still utilize indigenous watercraft like dhows and outriggers. These boats are integral to contemporary trade, tourism, and consumerism, as well as smuggling. This thesis investigates the boat design history, current building practices, and the broader socio-economic influences and context of these iconic Tanzanian watercraft. The theoretical basis for the research of craft design evolution centers around the concepts of the "independent peasantry", World Systems Theory, and the Annales School of historical thought. Ethnographic data sets include interviews with boat builders and village elders. This is supplemented with archaeological documentation techniques of boat design features and local maritime material culture. Primary historical sources include colonial European narratives, anthropological studies of locations of trade, boat building and repair activities, and modern socio-economic analyses. The thesis integrates these interdisciplinary data sets with a view to understanding historical trends in cultural change and continuity in traditional boat design to decipher whether any evidence exists of German or British colonial influence. The ethnographic, historic, and archaeological data collected during the research expedition suggest that no significant European colonial design influence is evident in modern Tanzanian vernacular watercraft within the Tanga Region. The major factors influencing the dismissal of any European design inclusion reflect the horrific treatment experienced by the indigenous peoples under colonial rule, the continuance of the independent peasantry as a socioeconomic entity, the use of what resources are available to ensure survival, the dismissal of expensive and unnecessary modern construction technologies, and the communal protection of traditional lifeways as a cultural schema

St. Louis Currents: The Bi-State Region after a Century of Planning

This collection of essays by leading scholars examines urban issues facing the St. Louis region in the 2010 era, which is 100 years after the first city plan in the US in 1907

Winona Daily News

https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews/2038/thumbnail.jp

Community, Power, and Colonialism : The U.S. Army in Southern Arizona and New Mexico, 1866-1886

Empire is central to U.S. history. When we see the U.S. projecting its influence on a global scale in today s world it is important to understand that U.S. empire has a long history. This dissertation offers a case study of colonialism and U.S. empire by discussing the social worlds, labor regimes, and culture of the U.S. Army during the conquest of southern Arizona and New Mexico (1866-1886). It highlights some of the defining principles, mentalities, and characteristics of U.S. imperialism and shows how U.S. forces have in years past constructed their power and represented themselves, their missions, and the places and peoples that faced U.S. imperialism/colonialism. Using insights from postcolonial studies and whiteness studies, this work balances its attention between discursive representations (army stories) and social experience (army actions), pays attention to silences in the process of historical production, and focuses on collective group mentalities and identities. In the end the army experience reveals an empire in denial constructed on the rule of difference and marked by frustration. White officers, their wives, and the white enlisted men not only wanted the monopoly of violence for the U.S. regime but also colonial (mental/cultural) authority and power, and constructed their identity, authority, and power in discourse and in the social contexts of the everyday through difference. Engaged in warfare against the Apaches, they did not recognize their actions as harmful or acknowledge the U.S. invasion as the bloody colonial conquest it was. White army personnel painted themselves and the army as liberators, represented colonial peoples as racial inferiors, approached colonial terrain in terms of struggle, and claimed that the region was a terrible periphery with little value before the arrival of white civilization. Officers and wives also wanted to place themselves at the top of colonial hierarchies as the refined and respectable class who led the regeneration of the colony by example: they tried to turn army villages into islands of civilization and made journeys, leisure, and domestic life to showcase their class sensibilities and level of sophistication. Often, however, their efforts failed, resulting in frustration and bitterness. Many blamed the colony and its peoples for their failures. The army itself was divided by race and class. All soldiers were treated as laborers unfit for self-government. White enlisted men, frustrated by their failures in colonial warfare and by constant manual labor, constructed worlds of resistance, whereas indigenous soldiers sought to negotiate the effects of colonialism by working in the army. As colonized labor their position was defined by tension between integration and exclusion and between freedom and colonial control.Imperiumi on keskeinen tekijä Yhdysvaltain historiassa. Tämä väitöskirja tarjoaa tapaustutkimuksen kolonialismistä ja Yhdysvaltain imperiumista analysoimalla Yhdysvaltain armeijan sosiaalisia maailmoja, työjärjestelmiä ja kulttuuria Arizonan ja Uuden Meksikon valloituksen yhteydessä vuosina 1866-1886. Tutkimus tuo esille Yhdysvaltain imperiumin keskeisiä piirteitä ja periaatteita ja paljastaa kuinka Yhdysvaltain imperiumin edustajat ovat oikeuttaneet tekonsa ja esittäneet itsensä sekä alueet ja ihmiset jotka joutuivat Yhdysvaltain imperialismin kohteiksi. Tutkimus paljastaa imperiumin joka kielsi oman luonteensa, oli rakennettu erilaisuudelle ja jota leimasi turhautuminen. Valkoiset upseerit, heidän vaimonsa sekä valkoiset sotilaat eivät ainoastaan halunneet väkivallan monopolia Yhdysvalloille vaan kolonialististä (henkistä/kulttuurillista) valtaa ja he rakensivat identiteettiään ja valtaansa diskursseissa sekä jokapäiväisessä arjessa erilaisuuden kautta. Sotiessaan Apache-intiaaneja vastaan armeijan miehet ja naiset eivät nähneet omia toimiaan vahingollisina tai moraalisesti väärinä, eivätkä he tunnustaneet että Yhdysvallat oli ryhtynyt veriseen kolonialistiseen valloitukseen. Sen sijaan upseerit, vaimot ja sotilaat esittivät itsensä ja armeijan vapauttajina. He esittivät alueen ihmiset alempiarvoisina ja väittivät että alue oli vihamielinen ja takapajuinen peripheria ennenkuin valkoinen keskiluokka ja sivistys muuttaisivat sen paremmaksi. Upseerit ja vaimot halusivat nähdä itsensä kolonialistisen sosiaalisen hierarkian huipulla valkoisen keskiluokan kermana joka johti alueen sivistämistä myös oman esimerkkinsä kautta. He yrittivät muokata armeijan kylät (linnakkeet) sivistyksen saarekkeiksi ja näyttämään hienostuneisuutensa ja luokkatietoisuutensa kodeissaan, vapaa-aikanaan, sekä matkustaessaan. Usein heidän yrityksensä epäonnistuivat. Monet tuskastuivat ja näkivät syyn epäonnistumisiinsa valloitetussa alueessa, sen luonnossa, sijainnissa ja ihmisissä. Armeijassa vallitsi voimakas rotu- ja luokkajako. Kaikkia sotilaita kohdeltiinkin ensisijaisesti työläisinä kykenemättöminä itsehallintaan. Valkoiset sotilaat, tuskastuneina huonoon sotamenestykseensä ja jatkuvaan fyysiseen raadantaan armeijan kylissä ala-arvoisella palkalla, kehittivät vastarintaa. Heidän työnsä jälki oli usein surkeaa ja he karkasivat armeijasta massoittain, sekä hakivat lohtua rajusta vapaa-ajan elämästä, joka pyöri juomisen ja uhkapelien ympärillä. Apache-sotilaita kohdeltiin marginaalisena työvoimana. Heitä tarvittiin sodan nopeampaan voittamiseen, mutta samalla he joutuivat rasistisen syrjinnän kohteiksi ja armeija ei tarjonnut heille pysyvää työtä

From Body to Shrine: The Construction of Sacred Space at the Grave of `Ali ibn Abi Talib in Najaf

This dissertation analyzes medieval Muslim constructs and perceptions of sacred space from the ninth to fourteenth centuries using `Ali's grave as point of departure. It delves into three themes--sacred body, sacred space, and sacred ritual--all of which shed light on ways in which Shi`i scholars helped mold communal memory and identity, as well as how Sunni scholars contested Shi`i claims to legitimacy based on their distinct memories of the past. This dissertation seeks to understand how and why scholarly representations of `Ali's body, grave, and connected pilgrimage rituals impacted the development of normative Shi`ism. This dissertation makes three main arguments. First, by establishing `Ali's walaya, Shi`i scholars could elevate the status of Najaf through contact with the praesentia of `Ali's sanctified body contained within it. Second, by examining often conflicting Shi`i and Sunni narratives of `Ali's burial and location of his grave as found in geographical, historical, and hagiographical texts. By claiming the legitimacy of `Ali's grave, Shi`is could uphold Najaf's reputation as a pilgrimage destination, as well as retain control over the city, despite being persecuted minorities in a majority Sunni environment. Some Sunni scholars saw Shi`i-controlled Najaf as a threat in addition to their general distrust of Shi`i scholarship and doctrine. Third, the ritual practices and supplications recommended by scholars in their pilgrimage manuals guided pilgrims through a reenactment of pilgrimages scholars claimed were performed by the Imams when `Ali's grave was hidden. I suggest that scholars contributed to the growing genre of pilgrimage manuals in order to bolster the communal Shi`i identity and create a setting where Shi`is could express their religious devotion in a sacred space away from the domination of the Sunni majority. I argue that for Muslims, the grave of a sanctified figure such as `Ali could function as a symbolic site allowing for the reenactment of rituals of piety, the persistence of historical memory, and the strengthening of communal identity.  Doctor of Philosoph

Winona Daily News

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Bowdoin Orient v.108, no.1-23 (1978-1979)

https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/bowdoinorient-1970s/1009/thumbnail.jp