Change in abstract bipolar argumentation systems (SUM 2015)

International audienceAn argumentation system can undergo changes (addition or removal of arguments/interactions), particularly in multiagent systems. In this paper, we are interested in dynamics of abstract bipolar argumentation systems, i.e. argumentation systems using two kinds of interaction: attacks and supports. We propose change characterizations that use and extend previous results defined in the case of Dung abstract argumentation systems

Argumentation update in YALLA (Yet Another Logic Language for Argumentation)

International audienceThis article proposes a complete framework for handling the dynamics of an abstract argumentation system. This frame can encompass several belief bases under the form of several argumentation systems, more precisely it is possible to express and study how an agent who has her own argumentation system can interact on a target argumentation system (that may represent a state of knowledge at a given stage of a debate). The two argumentation systems are defined inside a reference argumentation system called the universe which constitutes a kind of “common language”. This paper establishes three main results. First, we show that change in argumentation in such a framework can be seen as a particular case of belief update. Second, we have introduced a new logical language called YALLA in which the structure of an argumentation system can be encoded, enabling to express all the basic notions of argumentation theory (defense, conflict-freeness, extensions) by formulae of YALLA. Third, due to previous works about dynamics in argumentation we have been in position to provide a set of new properties that are specific for argumentation update

Understanding of photosynthesis concepts related to students’ age

In Croatian schools, the complex photosynthesis concept is presented several times during primary and secondary school, each time with more detail. The problems in understanding photosynthesis processes are known from many previous studies and our own research ; thus we aimed to investigate how the students’ understanding of the basic photosynthesis concepts increases during the schooling period, and is it enhanced by gradual introduction of new contents. The present study was conducted on 269 students from 6 schools and 35 students preparing to be biology teachers. To test the students’ conceptual understanding, we implemented a question about the trends of O2 and CO2 gas concentrations during the night, which was expected to lead students to a correct explanation of photosynthesis, including the issues of the plants’ respiration and the absence of photosynthesis. Students of all age groups gave mainly incomplete explanations. The best result was achieved by the youngest participants in the age of 11, who have relied on the freshly acquired and well trained, but reproductive knowledge. Older students’ answers (aged 15, 17 and 22), which include more detail about the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, suggested that they developed misconceptions such as the belief that “oxygen is produced in Calvin cycle during the night” and that “CO2 converts to O2”. Student's explanations indicate the consistency of their understanding of the process, which does not change with gradual introduction of new contents as they are older. The observed misunderstanding could be linked to the cumulative introduction of the complex theoretical contents, but excluding research- based learning, as well as to inadequate time dedicated to establishing connections between students’ pre-conceptions and novel information. Our research results might be a strong argument supporting the upcoming change in the national curriculum

Community in the Elementary Mathematics Classroom: Student Engagement in Face-to-Face and Online Environments

This qualitative study reveals how nineteen students in a grade five classroom engaged in community interactions to solve meaningful mathematics problems. In my experience, students often defer their sense of mathematical authority and autonomy to teachers and textbooks. The rationale for this study stems from an interest to investigate student membership in a mathematical community, both face-to-face and online, as it serves students to assert their own powers. Participants of this study solved two mathematics problems, interacting in a face-to-face and online community of peers. Analyses of teams audiotaped face-to-face negotiations, digital chat field comments and physical as well as virtual solutions were undertaken, as was a discussion of students individual survey comments about their experiences in the two forms of community. These present implications around the negotiation of both social and sociomathematical norms, particularly in the digital environment

Wikipedia Conflict Representation in Articles of War: A critical discourse analysis of current, on-going, socio-political Wikipedia articles about war

With the help of a discourse-historical approach, a textual corpus composed of the talk pages of three controversial, socio-political Wikipedia articles about ongoing wars was analyzed in order to shed light on the way in which conflict is represented through the editing and discussion process. Additionally, a rational discourse was employed in order to unravel communication distortions within the editing process in an attempt to improve communication and consensus-seeking. Finally, semi-structured interviews of participating contributors within studied articles were used in order to better understand Wikipedian experience in a controversial collaboration scenario. Results unveiled a set of discursive practices in which Wikipedians participate, as well as the creation of a Wikipedian argumentation topoi framework useful for further Wikipedia-specific discourse analysis involving the content change-retain negotiation process

STRATEGY AS PRACTICE: SEEING THE PRACTICE OF MATERIAL DEPLOYMENT THROUGH AFFORDANCE LENSES

The objective of this research was to investigate sociomaterial aspects of affordances regarding the practices in the strategy work. The materials have been studied on and off for a while and traditionally this research has had its roots in resource-based views. The strategy-as-practice stream has benefited the management research by giving importance on what strategists and practitioners do in practice. The findings of the empirical research showed evidence for abundant contemporary methods in the application of the technologies and programs before and after the meeting. The paper managed to include two distinctive datasets for the analysis. The meeting practices showed how the contemporarily strategic meetings are conducted both virtually and face-to-face. The data analysis finds evidence that the practitioners are tolerant to the certain program and material related inefficiencies and side-effects although their task as a strategist and practitioner relate to finding the solution to these issues. The industrial design directors (the Cluster 1) discussed how they convert intangibles to tangible outcomes through creativity, use of methods and tools, and especially communicate with visual means. The middle-management informants (the Cluster 2) were involved to follow the strategic agenda, the policies related to the use of selected technologies and take action related to a distinctive set of social practices in a global company. The findings show how one large organization utilize telecommunication as an important enabler in the praxis. As a managerial implication, the paper proposes discussions on the key technological instruments in the praxis to better justify current routines: the constraints limit the efficient practice. The phenomena of postponing the chance could be explained by dwelling until the strategy emerges

Broglie and Young, visionaries who shed light in the polar topology that grounds our reality: a hypothesis

Una observación matemática que relaciona los patrones fractales y la operación de convolución en el contexto del procesamiento de imágenes digitales interrumpió una investigación que nos lleva a plantear la hipótesis de que el concepto de onda de materia (o dualidad onda-partícula) se encuentra en la dicotomía entre el par débil y un topología fuerte en el ámbito del marco de atractores singulares continuos en ninguna parte diferenciables y el concepto de fotón-solitón de Vigier. Tal inferencia parece ser más evidente en la interpretación de Broglie-Bohm de la mecánica cuántica en el cruce de características locales x globales. De esto se deduce también que la relación de los fenómenos naturales (sin escala) con la ecuación de Schröder generalizada (en pie de iteración) está todavía por explorar por completo. La inflación cosmológica y los fenómenos cuánticos ordinarios (desde la perspectiva del colapso posterior de la función de onda) ambos posiblemente se enfrentarían a las soluciones de esa ecuación de Schröder generalizada ignorada que también se remontaría al marco del atractor singular-continuo en ninguna parte diferenciable. Tales conocimientos teóricos ofrecen una acomodación matemática prometedora que se ajusta a las observaciones recientes utilizando los conjuntos de datos PLK + BAO + SN + H (astronomía), lo que sugiere un cambio de signo espontáneo de la constante cosmológica que hipotetizamos que se remonta a una discontinuidad de salto entre 2 conjuntos de niveles que tiene sus raíces en el concepto de conjugación topológica. Tal discontinuidad señalaría la transición entre la llamada fase de radiación y las cosmologías oscuras fantasma. La ruta de razonamiento más prometedora ideada hasta ahora en un programa de investigación de este tipo parece ocurrir en el locus que abarca las conexiones entre los fractales y la medida de Lebesgue-Cantor (convolución de Bernoulli). Tales conceptos parecen acomodar una especie de sistema aislado no forzado cuya dinámica sería impulsada por la iteración y regida por la condición inicial en el ámbito de la teoría de la perturbación (casi integrable). Tal locus parece ser preferencial para una prospección sobre la unificación de la física clásica, la mecánica cuántica ordinaria y la teoría de números.A mathematical observation relating fractal patterns and the convolution operation in the context of digital image processing disrupted an investigation that drives us to hypothesize that the concept of the wave of matter (or duality wave-particle) stands to the dichotomy between the pair weak and a strong topology in the realm of Singular-continuous nowhere-differentiable attractors framework and the Photon-soliton concept by Vigier. Such inference appears to be more evident in the Broglie-Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics in the local x global features crossover. Follows of this also that the relation of the natural phenomena (scale-free) with the generalized Schröder equation (standing to iteration) is still to be totally explored. The cosmological inflation and ordinary quantum phenomena (by the perspective of after wavefunction collapse) both of them would possibly stand to the solutions of such disregarded generalized Schröder equation that would also trace back to the Singular-continuous nowhere-differentiable attractor framework. Such theoretical insights offer a promising mathematical accommodation that fits recent observations using the PLK+BAO+SN+H datasets (astronomy) suggesting a spontaneous sign change of the cosmological constant that we hypothesize tracks back to a jump discontinuity between 2 Leve-Sets that would have its roots on the concept of topological conjugacy. Such discontinuity would point to the transition between the called radiation phase and ghost dark cosmologies. The most promising route of reasoning devised so far in such a research program seems to occur in the locus that encompasses the connections between fractals and Lebesgue-Cantor measure (Bernoulli convolution). Such concepts seem to accommodate a sort of insulated unforced system which dynamics would be driven by iteration and ruled by initial condition in the realm of perturbation theory (near-integrable). Such locus seems to be preferential for one prospecting about the unification of classical physics, ordinary quantum mechanics and number theory

Making Good Sense: Pragmatism's Mastery of Meaning, Truth, and Workable Rule of Law

The hermeneutic pragmatism explored in this article timely examines how “post-truth” claims over-estimate semantic freedoms while at the same time underestimating semantic and pre-semantic restraints. Such pragmatism also timely examines how formalists err by committing the reverse errors. Drawing on insights from James, Peirce, Putnam, Rorty, Gadamer, Derrida, and others, such hermeneutic pragmatism explores (1) the necessary role of both internal and objective experience in meaning, (2) the resulting instrumental nature of concepts required to deal with such experience, (3) the related need for workability to apply to the “the collectivity of experience’s demands, nothing being omitted,” (4) the inherent role of morality and other norms in measuring such workability, (5) the semantic as well as experiential nature of our workable realities, (6) the semantic freedoms involved in constructing, framing, and retaining our workable realities and concepts, and (7) the semantic, pre-semantic, and other restraints on constructing, framing, and retaining our workable realities and concepts. Such hermeneutic pragmatism also introduces Eunomia, a real-world alternative to Dworkin’s superhuman judge Hercules. Named after the Greek goddess of good order, the human Eunomia represents the reasonable judge excellently versed in (among other things) legal theory, legal practice, linguistics, and philosophy of language. Additionally, in its appendices, this article surveys the pragmatic restraints of “implementives” and provides a detailed overview of pragmatic “workability” restraints for both law and fact. (By “sense” the title of this article means not only “meaning conveyed or intended” but also “capacity for effective application of the powers of the mind as a basis for action or response.” See Sense, MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2014) “Workable” has the broad meaning discussed in Sections II, IV, and Appendix C of the Article, and "good" is further explored in the section on Eunomia, namesake of the Greek goddess of good order.) Keywords: Pragmatism, Hermeneutic, Truth, Rule of Law, William James, C.S. Peirce, Hilary Putnam, Richard Rorty, Gadamer, Habermas, Derrida, Lon Fuller, H.L.A. Hart, Post-truth, Postmodernism, Trump, Rhetoric, Meaning, Interpretation, Metaphor, Category, Lifeworld, Formalism, Framing, Deconstructio