Heuristics, Schemas and Biased Social Judgement: An Explanation of the Reports of the Sources of Self-Knowledge

This study investigated subjects\u27 reports of the sources of self-knowlege in light of the growing literature about the shortcomings of social judgment. The hypothesis of this study was the subjects\u27 tendency to report self-observation at the expense of feedback and social comparison as the best source of self-knowledge is based on an implicit evaluation bias similar to Schlenker\u27s (1980) notion of self-projection and Jellison and Greens\u27 (1981) norm of internality . It was predicted that subjects\u27 intuitive notions about the sources are such that self-observation is seen as a generally better method of self-knowledge than feedback which, in turn, is better than social comparison. These hypotheses were tested by having subjects rate story characters who learned about themselves through either self-observation, unsolicited feedback, solicited feedback, or social comparison. Subjects rated the characters on semantic differential type items and rated the source itself for accuracy , reliability , and believability . It was assumed that these character ratings would be influenced and reflect the implicit evaluative notions about the different sources. An additional measure used was a ranking procedure similar to those used by Schoeneman (1981). Several personality scales (Self-Consciousness Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Scale, Social Desirability Scale, and the Self-Monitoring Scale) were also given. The ranking portion of this study replicated the results of Schoeneman (1981) quite closely. Several significant and theoretically consistent differences were found between the sources of self-knowledge groups on the character rating measures. The predictions that self-observation would be seen most favorably, social comparison would be reported least favorably and solicited feedback would be reported more neutrally were generally supported. Predictions regarding unsolicited feedback and the no source ending group were not supported; they were reported as much worse and better, respectively, than was expected. Examination of the independent variables trait valence, subject sex and character sex produced a variety of main effects and interactions which are typically consistent with findings already reported in the sex-role stereotype literature. The social anxiety subscale of the Self-Consciousness Scale was the only personality scale to produce significant results

Immunization and Autism of Children 3 to 16 Years Old in Rumah Autis Bekasi

Autism is defined as neurology disorder affecting brain functionalities so that resulting communication, social interaction, behavior difficulties and the symptom appears before age 3. This study is aimed at understanding the factors related to autism cases in Rumah Autis Bekasi. Methods: There variables in this study namely, independent variable was immunization and dependent variable was autism and confounding variable were genetic, parents’ age, maternal health history during pregnancy, and medication during pregnancy. Primary data collected through questionaire and interview to the families of autism. This is a case study on 60 samples divided into 30 samples of autism in Rumah Autis and 30 samples of normal people living nearby with the proportion 1:1. The data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate using chi square test, and multivariate statistical analysis using regresi logistic. The results show that there is no correlation between immunization history and the autism with p-value 0.774>0.05. There is a correlation between the father’s age and the autism with p-value 0.038<0.05 and OR 0.333,there is a significant relationship between maternal health history and autism with p-value 0.038<0.05 and OR 3.763 and multivariate analysis shows that the most dominant variable is maternal health history with p-value 0.019 and OR 13.496. This study suggests that the pregnant women should check up their condition if there are some health problems and taking medication without doctor’s prescription. Keyword: Immunization, Autism, Children 3 to 16 years ol

The Impact of the Internationalisation of Higher Education on Scientists’ Multimodal Communication: A case study from Catalonia

Les universitats de tot el món són instades a participar en el procés d' ‘internacionalització’ com a distintiu de qualitat i com a reclam per atraure estudiants. Aquest estudi aborda aquesta qüestió des del context de les institucions catalanes d’educació superior, que afronten el dilema de donar suport a la/les llengua/gües local/s i, alhora, abraçar el multilingüisme i, sobretot, l’anglès. L'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi és examinar l'impacte de la internacionalització de l'educació superior en la comunicació diària dels científics. Les dades etnogràfiques s’han recopilat al llarg d’un període d’11 mesos d’observació de dos grups de recerca (RGs) multinacionals amb seu en una universitat catalana, i s’han contrastat amb dades extretes d’un RG amb seu a Alemanya i amb idees inspirades en les pràctiques del RG de la pròpia investigadora. De l'objectiu empíric n’ha derivat un objectiu teòric, que consisteix a dissenyar i provar un marc teòric adequat per estudiar el fenomen proposat de manera integral. Aquest estudi té l’objectiu de contribuir a la limitada literatura que descriu aquelles pràctiques comunicatives "informals" i inèdites dels científics, així com a la literatura sobre la internacionalització de l’ensenyament superior. A nivell pràctic, aquest treball pretén contribuir a la millora de les polítiques d’internacionalització de les institucions d’ensenyament superior de Catalunya, d’Europa i potencialment d’altres contextos arreu del món.Las universidades de todo el mundo son instadas a participar en el proceso de ‘internacionalización’ como distintivo de calidad y como reclamo para atraer estudiantes. Este estudio aborda esta cuestión desde el contexto de las instituciones catalanas de educación superior, que afrontan el dilema de apoyar la/s lengua/s local/es y, a la vez, abrazar el multilingüismo y, sobre todo, el inglés. El objetivo principal de este estudio es examinar el impacto de la internacionalización de la educación superior en la comunicación diaria de los científicos. Los datos etnográficos se han recopilado a lo largo de un período de 11 meses de observación de dos grupos de investigación (RGs) multinacionales con sede en una universidad catalana, y se han contrastado con datos extraídos de un RG con sede en Alemania y con ideas inspiradas en las prácticas del RG de la propia investigadora. Del objetivo empírico ha derivado un objetivo teórico, que consiste en diseñar y probar un marco teórico adecuado para estudiar el fenómeno propuesto de manera integral. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de contribuir a la limitada literatura que describe aquellas prácticas comunicativas "informales" e inéditas de los científicos, así como a la literatura sobre la internacionalización de la enseñanza superior. A nivel práctico, este trabajo pretende contribuir a la mejora de las políticas de internacionalización de las instituciones de enseñanza superior de Cataluña, de Europa y potencialmente de otros contextos en todo el mundo.Universities worldwide are urged to engage in the process of ‘internationalisation’ as a hallmark of quality and as a lure to attract students. The current study approaches this issue from the context of Catalan higher education institutions, which deal with the dilemma of supporting the local language(s) and at the same time embracing multilingualism and especially English. The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of the internationalisation of higher education on the daily communication of scientists. Ethnographic data have been collected throughout a period of 11 months from two multinational research groups (RGs) based in a Catalan state university, and contrasted with data taken from a RG based in Germany and with insights from the researcher’s own RG. From the empirical objective has derived a theoretical objective, consisting in designing and proving a suitable theoretical framework to study the phenomenon holistically. This study aims to contribute to the limited body of research describing scientists’ "informal" and unpublished communicative practices, as well as to the literature on the internationalisation of higher education. On a practical level, this work is intended to aid in the improvement of internationalisation policies of higher education institutions in Catalonia, in Europe and potentially in other contexts worldwide

The effects of coping strategies upon the expression of fear

Glogower et al. (1978) have suggested that coping self-statements (CSS) form the major therapeutic component of cognitive restructuring therapies. However, to date there has been no consensus in the literature about the nature of effective CSS. Indeed, many studies which have examined the effects of cognitive therapies have failed to adequately describe the CSS component of the therapies. The initial focus of this thesis was on two coping strategies which have been described (Meichenbaum, 1971; Evans, 1977). Both strategies encourage fearful subjects to cope with the physiological concomitants of fear on the assumption that fear is mediated by their perceptions of such concomitants. However, the emphasis of these strategies is quite different; Evans' strategy encourages subjects to passively accept the physiological concomitants of fear (PCS) while Meichenbaum's encourages subjects to actively cope with this aspect of fear by self-instructing to relax and keep calm (ACS). It was found that the former strategy (PCS) had a beneficial effect upon fear of spiders but lead to an increase in fear for a group of speech-anxious subjects. The ACS had a significant fear-reducing effect upon speech anxiety. In addition, it was found that fearful public speakers who devised their own strategies experienced a reduction in fear. The possible interpretation of these findings prompted an investigation of the relationship between locus of control orientation and the expression of fear. It was found that externality was positively correlated with fear of many of the items on the FSS III (Wolpe, 1973) including the item 'Speaking in Public'. However, when actually presenting a speech it was found that fearful internals expressed significantly more fear than fearful externals. Interpretations of this finding are discussed along with possible implications for therapy. A practically convenient procedure for investigating speech anxiety is described. An investigation of the recognition of the non-verbal expression of speech anxiety is also reported.<p

Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient

This open access book is a unique resource for health professionals who are interested in understanding the philosophical foundations of their daily practice. It provides tools for untangling the motivations and rationality behind the way medicine and healthcare is studied, evaluated and practiced. In particular, it illustrates the impact that thinking about causation, complexity and evidence has on the clinical encounter. The book shows how medicine is grounded in philosophical assumptions that could at least be challenged. By engaging with ideas that have shaped the medical profession, clinicians are empowered to actively take part in setting the premises for their own practice and knowledge development. Written in an engaging and accessible style, with contributions from experienced clinicians, this book presents a new philosophical framework that takes causal complexity, individual variation and medical uniqueness as default expectations for health and illness

Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient

This open access book is a unique resource for health professionals who are interested in understanding the philosophical foundations of their daily practice. It provides tools for untangling the motivations and rationality behind the way medicine and healthcare is studied, evaluated and practiced. In particular, it illustrates the impact that thinking about causation, complexity and evidence has on the clinical encounter. The book shows how medicine is grounded in philosophical assumptions that could at least be challenged. By engaging with ideas that have shaped the medical profession, clinicians are empowered to actively take part in setting the premises for their own practice and knowledge development. Written in an engaging and accessible style, with contributions from experienced clinicians, this book presents a new philosophical framework that takes causal complexity, individual variation and medical uniqueness as default expectations for health and illness

Virginia Commonwealth University Graduate Bulletin

Graduate bulletin for Virginia Commonwealth University for the academic year 2020-2021. It includes information on academic regulations, degree requirements, course offerings, faculty, academic calendar, and tuition and expenses for graduate programs

Virginia Commonwealth University Graduate Bulletin

Graduate bulletin for Virginia Commonwealth University for the academic year 2018-2019. It includes information on academic regulations, degree requirements, course offerings, faculty, academic calendar, and tuition and expenses for graduate programs