PSA 2016

These preprints were automatically compiled into a PDF from the collection of papers deposited in PhilSci-Archive in conjunction with the PSA 2016

Artificial general intelligence: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Artificial General Intelligence, AGI 2009, Arlington, Virginia, USA, March 6-9, 2009

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research focuses on the original and ultimate goal of AI – to create broad human-like and transhuman intelligence, by exploring all available paths, including theoretical and experimental computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and innovative interdisciplinary methodologies. Due to the difficulty of this task, for the last few decades the majority of AI researchers have focused on what has been called narrow AI – the production of AI systems displaying intelligence regarding specific, highly constrained tasks. In recent years, however, more and more researchers have recognized the necessity – and feasibility – of returning to the original goals of the field. Increasingly, there is a call for a transition back to confronting the more difficult issues of human level intelligence and more broadly artificial general intelligence

European governance challenges in bio-engineering : making perfect life : bio-engineering (in) the 21st century : final report

In the STOA project Making Perfect Life four fields were studied of 21st century bio-engineering: engineering of living artefacts, engineering of the body, engineering of the brain, and engineering of intelligent artefacts. This report describes the main results of the project. It shows how developments in the four fields of bio-engineering are shaped by two megatrends: "biology becoming technology" and "technology becoming biology". These developments result in a broadening of the bio-engineering debate in our society. The report addresses the long term views that are inspiring this debate and discusses a multitude of ethical, legal and social issues that arise from bio-engineering developments in the fields described. Against this background four specific developments are studied in more detail: the rise of human genome sequencing, the market introduction of neurodevices, the capturing by information technology of the psychological and physiological states of users, and the pursuit of standardisation in synthetic biology. These developments are taken in this report as a starting point for an analysis of some of the main European governance challenges in 21st century bio-engineering

European governance challenges in bio-engineering : making perfect life : bio-engineering (in) the 21st century : final report

In the STOA project Making Perfect Life four fields were studied of 21st century bio-engineering: engineering of living artefacts, engineering of the body, engineering of the brain, and engineering of intelligent artefacts. This report describes the main results of the project. It shows how developments in the four fields of bio-engineering are shaped by two megatrends: "biology becoming technology" and "technology becoming biology". These developments result in a broadening of the bio-engineering debate in our society. The report addresses the long term views that are inspiring this debate and discusses a multitude of ethical, legal and social issues that arise from bio-engineering developments in the fields described. Against this background four specific developments are studied in more detail: the rise of human genome sequencing, the market introduction of neurodevices, the capturing by information technology of the psychological and physiological states of users, and the pursuit of standardisation in synthetic biology. These developments are taken in this report as a starting point for an analysis of some of the main European governance challenges in 21st century bio-engineering

Male Earnings Dispersion Over the Period 1973 to 1995 in Four Industries

The following looks at developments in male earnings dispersion in four UK industries over the period 1973 to 1995. Evidence to date in the UK is largely based at the economy-wide level only, or aggregated into manufacturing and non manufacturing sectors. By considering industries other than solely manufacturing it is possible that different trends have occurred in earnings dispersion for each industry. The main objective is to firstly split earnings dispersion over the 23 years into two components: between-group earnings dispersion which occurs as a result of differing worker characteristics across the population; and within-group earnings dispersion, that is any remaining dispersion after controlling for measurable worker characteristics. And secondly, potential factors able to explain within-group earnings dispersion in each industry are tested, namely technological change; globalisation; female participation; immigration and institutional change. The empirical methodology is two step in nature. Initially, micro data based upon the individual is used to purge dispersion of human capital and personal influences. Then, time series techniques are employed to analyse the trend in the measure of within-group dispersion and the potential causal factors. The results from the first step indicate that whilst within-group earnings dispersion dominates between-group earnings dispersion trends differed across each industry. In line with previous results at the aggregate level, it appears that relative demand shifted in favour of the higher skill endowed. The second stage results indicate that whilst technological shocks are significant in each industry, other factors have a role to play in particular globalisation and supply side influences. A time series analysis of the explainable part of the earnings distribution i.e. between-group earnings dispersion shows that this too was influenced by market forces and institutional change. Furthermore, the returns to education were influenced by technological change and globalisation

Stratégies d'apprentissage et mémoire à long terme d'associations mot-objet chez le jeune enfant et le chien

Nous faisons tous l'expérience de nous souvenirs d'informations ou d'épisodes de vie vécus il y a fort longtemps. Mais qu'en est-il pour nos jeunes enfants et pour les espèces animales éloignées de nous ? Les enfants et les animaux forment-ils également des souvenirs qui peuvent demeurer intacts durant de longues périodes ? Et si tel est le cas, la formation de leurs souvenirs dépend-elle des mêmes règles que celles actuellement établies chez l'Homme adulte ? Cette thèse s'est intéressée à ces questions dans un contexte d'apprentissage associatif bimodal complexe: le concept mot-objet; chez le jeune enfant et le chien domestique. Pour ces deux modèles d'étude, nous avons exploré certains paramètres susceptibles de faciliter l'encodage et le stockage en mémoire de ce type d'information. Nous avons notamment cherché à savoir si le nombre de présentations de nouvelles associations mot-objets lors de l'apprentissage avait un effet sur la rétention du nom de ces objets après un délai, et avons tenté de déterminer le nombre minimal de présentations nécessaire pour induire une trace mnésique. Enfin, nous avons exploré l'efficacité de deux stratégies d'apprentissage sur la mémorisation de nouveaux noms d'objets et démontrons que l'efficacité des stratégies utilisées chez l'Homme évolue au cours du développement de l'enfant et ne semblent pas s'appliquer aux chiens. En bref, nos résultats apportent des éclaircissements quant à certains principes qui sous-tendent la formation de mémoires sensorielles chez un organisme en développement ainsi que chez une espèce animale non primate, et nous permettent d'émettre des hypothèses quant aux mécanismes cérébraux sous-jacents.All of us occasionally remember information or personal events that occurred a long time ago. But what about young children and distantly related animal species? Do young children and animals also form memories that can last in time? And if so, does memory formation rely on the same principles than those established in human adults? This thesis intended to examine these questions in the context of an associative learning concept involving complex bimodal stimuli: the word-object concept; both in young children and domestic dogs. For these two models, we explored some parameters susceptible to facilitate the encoding and storage of this type of information in memory. In particular, we attempted to determine if the number of presentations of novel word-object associations during learning influenced the retention of the name of these objects after a delay. We also aimed to establish the minimal number of presentations of the pairs required to induce a memory trace. Finally, we examined the efficacy of two learning strategies on the ability to remember the names of novel objects and demonstrated that the efficacy of the strategies implemented in humans evolves during development and seems not to apply to dogs. In brief, our results enlightened some principles underlying the formation of sensory memories in an early-developing brain system as well as in a non-primate species, and allow us to make assumptions about the underlying brain mechanisms

Paving the Way for Lifelong Learning:Facilitating competence development through a learning path specification

Janssen, J. (2010). Paving the Way for Lifelong Learning. Facilitating competence development through a learning path specification. September, 17, 2010, Heerlen, The Netherlands: Open University of the Netherlands, CELSTEC. SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2010-36. ISBN 978-90-79447-43-5Efficient and effective lifelong learning requires that learners can make well informed decisions regarding the selection of a learning path, i.e. a set of learning actions that help attain particular learning goals. In recent decades a strong emphasis on lifelong learning has led educational provision to expand and to become more varied and flexible. Besides, the role of informal learning has become increasingly acknowledged. In light of these developments this thesis addresses the question: How to support learners in finding their way through all available options and selecting a learning path that best fit their needs? The thesis describes two different approaches regarding the provision of way finding support, which can be considered complementary. The first, inductive approach proposes to provide recommendations based on indirect social interaction: analysing the paths followed by other learners and feeding this information back as advice to learners facing navigational decisions. The second, prescriptive approach proposes to use a learning path specification to describe both the contents and the structure of any learning path in a formal and uniform way. This facilitates comparison and selection of learning paths across institutions and systems, but also enables automated provision of way finding support for a chosen learning path. Moreover, it facilitates automated personalisation of a learning path, i.e. adapting the learning path to the needs of a particular learner. Following the first approach a recommender system was developed and tested in an experimental setting. Results showed use of the system significantly enhanced effectiveness of learning. In line with the second approach a learning path specification was developed and validated in three successive evaluations. Firstly, an investigation of lifelong learners’ information needs. Secondly, an evaluation of the specification through a reference (sample) implementation: a tool to describe learning paths according to the specification. Finally, an evaluation of the use and purpose of this tool involving prospective end-users: study advisors and learning designers. Following the various evaluations the Learning Path Specification underwent some changes over time. Results described in this thesis show that the proposed approach of the Learning Path Specification and the reference implementation were well received by end-users.The work on this publication has been sponsored by the TENCompetence Integrated Project that is funded by the European Commission's 6th Framework Programme, priority IST/Technology Enhanced Learning. Contract 027087 [http://www.tencompetence.org

Safety and Reliability - Safe Societies in a Changing World

The contributions cover a wide range of methodologies and application areas for safety and reliability that contribute to safe societies in a changing world. These methodologies and applications include: - foundations of risk and reliability assessment and management - mathematical methods in reliability and safety - risk assessment - risk management - system reliability - uncertainty analysis - digitalization and big data - prognostics and system health management - occupational safety - accident and incident modeling - maintenance modeling and applications - simulation for safety and reliability analysis - dynamic risk and barrier management - organizational factors and safety culture - human factors and human reliability - resilience engineering - structural reliability - natural hazards - security - economic analysis in risk managemen

The role of collaborative relationships for product stewardship

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo