Preparing School Leaders for a Changing World: Lessons From Exemplary Leadership Development Programs

Presents eight case studies of effective school leadership training programs and provides the key characteristics of high-quality training to help states and districts address long-standing weaknesses in the way principals are prepared for their jobs

Understanding the antecedents of employee sustainability behaviours: measuring and theorising self- and collective efficacy for sustainability

Organisations are increasingly committing to ambitious new environmental and social sustainability goals that will necessitate employees across the organisation changing their workplace behaviours. While both practitioners and scholars recognise the benefit of integrating sustainability into everyday work, we have less of an understanding about the antecedents of employees' sustainability behaviours. The psychological literature identifies efficacy - the perception of one's own ability (self-efficacy) and one's group's ability (collective efficacy) to complete a task successfully - as a measurable predictor of behaviour. It also empirically identifies efficacy builders and theorises judgements that give rise to efficacy. Yet, efficacy (at least that which is strongly predictive of behaviours) is task specific and we lack constructs for self- and collective efficacy for sustainability (SES and CES), and their corresponding measures. We also lack an empirically grounded understanding of the judgements that give rise to an individual's SES and CES. This results in two questions: 1) How do we define and measure SES and CES, and 2) what are the judgement factors that lead to SES and CES? To address the first question, I defined these constructs and developed and refined two scales (one each for SES and CES). I undertook preliminary item testing and refinement, assessed scale reliability and validity (Cronbach's alphas of 0.926 for SES and 0.941 for CES), and established construct, convergent and divergent validity through two rounds of testing with acceptably-sized samples. I then trialled the scales in a live corporate environment (Finco) with 781 respondents, further establishing face validity and practical workability. I also conducted a smaller test with MBA students (n=72) to collect qualitative data related to the scales' items. The result is an abbreviated five-item version and a full nine-item version of each of the SES and CES scales, accompanied by implementation guidance. To address the second question, I analysed the qualitative data collected during the scale trialling, as well as data from twelve interviews with Finco and MBA survey respondents. This resulted in a model highlighting eight judgement factors that give rise to SES and four for CES. I thus offer a scholarly and practically relevant set of constructs, measures, and antecedents to assess and enhance employees' efficacy for sustainability behaviours

Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, challenges and innovations

Great strides have been made in improving sanitation in many developing countries. Yet, 2.4 billion people worldwide still lack access to adequate sanitation facilities and the poorest and most vulnerable members of society are often not reached and their specific needs are not met. Moreover, sustainability is currently one of the key challenges in CLTS and wider WASH practice, subsuming issues such as behaviour change, equity and inclusion, physical sustainability and sanitation marketing, monitoring and verification, engagement of governments, NGOs and donors, particularly after open defecation free (ODF) status is reached, and more. Achievement of ODF status is now recognised as only the first stage in a long process of change and sanitation improvement, with new challenges emerging every step of the way, such as how to stimulate progress up the sanitation ladder, how to ensure the poorest and marginalised are reached, or how to maintain and embed behaviour change. There have been several useful studies on sustainability that have highlighted some of these different aspects as well as the complexities involved. This book develops these key themes by exploring current experience, practices, challenges, innovations and insights, as well as identifying a future research agenda and gaps in current knowledge. Describing the landscape of sustainability of CLTS and sanitation with reference to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and through examples from Africa and Asia, the book captures a range of experiences and innovations from a broad range of institutions and actors within the WASH sector, and attempts to make recommendations and practical suggestions for policy and practice for practitioners, funders, policy-makers and governments.Chapter available as individual PDFs: 1. Going beyond open defecation free, Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz; 2. Sanitation in Bangladesh: revolution, evolution, and new challenges, Suzanne Hanchett; 3. Building environments to support sustainability of improved sanitation behaviours at scale: levers of change in East Asia Nilanjana Mukherjee; 4. Strengthening post-ODF programming: reviewing lessons from sub-Saharan Africa, Ann Thomas; 5. CLTS and sanitation marketing: aspects to consider for a better integrated approach, Twitty Munkhondia, Warren Mukelabai Simangolwa and Alfonso Zapico Maceda; 6. User-centred latrine guidelines – integrating CLTS with sanitation marketing: a case study from Kenya to promote informed choice, Yolande Coombes; 7. Sanitation infrastructure sustainability challenges case study: Ethiopia, Hunachew Beyene; 8. The long-term safe management of rural shit, Jamie Myers; 9. Beyond ODF: a phased approach to rural sanitation development, Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo; 10. Roles and responsibilities for post-ODF engagement: building an enabling institutional environment for CLTS sustainability, Samuel Musembi Musyoki; 11. Who is managing the post-ODF process in the community? A case study of Nambale sub-county in western Kenya, Elizabeth Wamera; 12. Tools for embedding post-ODF sustainability: experiences from SNV Nepal, Anup Kumar Regmi; 13. Certification of open defecation free status: emerging lessons from Kenya, Lewnida Sara; 14. Promoting choice: smart finance for rural sanitation development, Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo; 15. Putting the hardest to reach at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals, Sue Cavill, Sharon Roose, Cathy Stephen, and Jane Wilbur; 16. Leave no one behind: equality and nondiscrimination in sanitation and hygiene, Archana Patkar; 17. Purity, pollution, and untouchability: challenges affecting the adoption, use, and sustainability of sanitation programmes in rural India, Aashish Gupta, Diane Coffey, and Dean Spears; 18. Using social norms theory to strengthen CATS impact and sustainability, Therese Dooley, Louise Maule, and Michael Gnilo; 19. Conclusion: gaps in knowledge and further research needs, Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz.This series is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation (Sida)

Competencies for effective leadership : a case study of national evangelical associations in Africa

https://place.asburyseminary.edu/ecommonsatsdissertations/1816/thumbnail.jp

Managing Innovation Search and Select in Disrupting Environments

This thesis explores how organisations manage new product development (NPD) focused innovation across a portfolio of core, adjacent and breakthrough environments. The study focuses on the search and select phases of the innovation process, and how incumbents identify and validate a range of opportunities. Organisations face the paradox of how to establish search and select routines for focal markets, while also setting up routines to sense and respond to disruptive innovation signals from adjacent and more peripheral environments. The study builds on research into peripheral vision, and considers how organisations operationalise innovation search and select in disrupting environments. To analyse how organisations manage search and select in turbulent environments, the author conducted research in the disrupting higher education (HE) publishing industry using qualitative research methods. The study focused on ten case companies, and the researcher conducted 61 interviews with 63 individuals over a six month period across ten companies publishing 9,000 out of the world’s 32,000 academic journals. The interviewees ranged from CEOs and CTOs to production, operations, editorial, publishing, sales and marketing directors and managers. The analysis revealed 11 search and select capabilities that need to be in place to manage NPD effectively in HE publishing. The research identified five contextual factors that influence how search and select is operationalised in disrupting environments. A framework is proposed to enable the mapping of individual opportunities within a wider NPD portfolio. The project identified ten key market insight areas where firms in the HE publishing sector need to focus. The findings have implications for practice, especially for HE publishers, online media companies, and business to business service organisations. Further research is proposed into how the cognitive frames of boards and senior teams affect the structure and operationalisation of NPD portfolios; how visual media companies search for, develop (ideate) and select programme and film projects in the disrupting media sector; and how workflow mapping and the identification of jobs-to-be-done is deployed within the NPD process in different settings

Free communication FC 12.1 (oral abstract): Educating adult palliative care teams about the needs of transition age young people. What do they need to know?

Aims: The prognosis of life-limiting conditions in childhood has improved and an increasing number of young people are accessing adult Specialist Palliative Care (SPC) services. Adult SPC teams are sometimes inexperienced in caring for the complex needs of young people and have concerns regarding skills, knowledge and service capabilities. We aimed to identify the training needs of SPC teams regarding the care of young adults. Methods: Delphi: An online Delphi process collated expert opinion on format, delivery and content of the package. Round 1 participants (n=44) answered free text questions, generating items for Round 2. In Round 2, 68 participants rated the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with the items on 5- point Likert type scales. Median and mean scores assessed the importance of each item. Interquartile range scores assessed level of consensus for each item; items lacking consensus were re-rated by 35 participants in Round 3. Focus Groups: Focus groups were held with young people pre-transition, post-transition, parents/carers of young people post-transition and staff from a local adult hospice. Discussions explored the care and support needs of young people and their families, and the training needs of SPC teams. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Delphi: Consensus was reached on a range of suggested formats, on who could deliver the training, and on several clinical, psychosocial and practical topics. Training should be delivered as a continuous/rolling programme and not as ‘a one-off’. Focus Groups: Discussions centred on: challenges of caring for young people; barriers to transition; staff education and training; facilitating transition. Conclusions: Recommendations include a continuous/rolling programme of education, tailored for content and mode of delivery, and incorporated into working practice. A template to guide handover and a single point of contact would facilitate the transition process

The State in the 21 st Century

The challenge of this book is to think about which are the governance milestones necessary and sufficient to achieve development through innovation, knowledge, and redistribution. All thoughts hereby presented challenge the issue of development through the construction of governance mechanisms. The role of the State in the 21st century, rather than being an economic propeller or intervener, relies in becoming a partner and a franchisor of a more open development process, based on innovation and on new forms of knowledge, summarizing the conditions of change. The challenge is set, and changes are necessary.370 p.Administração PúblicaISBN: 978-85-256-0086-

The development and evaluation of pharmacy-led medication adherence services

Keywords Medication adherence, pharmacy services, domiciliary medicines support, health behaviour change, cognitive-based techniques, theoretical domains framework. Background Medication non-adherence has been described as a worldwide problem of striking magnitude yet a gold-standard adherence intervention remains elusive and current interventions elicit modest improvements at best. Innovative, evidence-based approaches, grounded in theory and tailored to meet individual need are therefore required. Methods This thesis included four key elements: (1) a domiciliary medicines support service was evaluated to establish the effect of a pharmacy-led service targeting non-adherence of a primarily unintentional nature. (2) A review of health psychology theory was undertaken to provide a theoretical basis for intervention design. (3) A systematic review and metaanalysis of ‘cognitive-based’ behaviour change techniques designed to improve medication adherence was undertaken to identify effective behaviour change techniques for intentional non-adherence. (4) A theory-based questionnaire to identify barriers to medication adherence was developed as a precursor to an intervention to address patient identified barriers to medication adherence. Results Medication regimen simplification, provision of adherence support and implementation of care packages, appear to be effective in reducing patients’ medication related risk of harm and improving unintentional non-adherence in domiciliary support recipients. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the ‘before-and-after’ study design. ‘Cognitive-based’ interventions may be capable of eliciting improvements in adherence beyond those yielded with the behavioural and educational interventions that form the mainstay of current practice. The theoretical domains framework has been used successfully to develop a questionnaire to identify medication adherence barriers. Conclusions At present, pharmacy-led adherence interventions tend to focus on resolving adherence difficulties of a practical nature. Whilst these approaches are of some benefit to unintentional non-adherence, intentional non-adherence requires a different approach. ‘Cognitive-based’ behaviour change techniques such as motivational interviewing could be delivered in routine pharmacy consultations to address adherence barriers identified using a theory-based questionnaire

The Influence of Habits, Opportunities and Thoughts on Environmentally Sustainable Lifestyles

This programme of research was focused on developing a better understanding of pro-environmental behaviours and pro-environmental behaviour change, with consideration of the powerful effect of habits in thinking, affect and behaviour. Habit networks are discussed with reference to HOT topics (Habits, Opportunities and Thoughts), and explored empirically within the context of the FIT Framework (Fletcher & Stead, 2000). This programme of research started with a literature review on established models of pro-environmental behaviour. It found a large degree of similarity in the approaches used to conceptualise pro-environmental behaviour, and suggested the need to explore pro-environmental activity from different perspectives. The FIT Framework was then presented as an alternative approach. FIT variables measure the strength of an individual’s cognitive characteristics and their degree of behavioural flexibility using the FIT Profiler (Fletcher, 1999). The empirical studies presented in this programme of research suggest that levels of personal FITness are related to engagement with pro-environmental activity and the extent to which lifestyles are environmentally sustainable. Study 1 (N = 325) explored the relationships between FITness and measures of pro-environmental activity, and Study 2 (N = 134) sought to confirm these relationships in a different sample. Both studies found positive relationships between levels of personal FITness and pro-environmental activity. Based on these results, it was suggested that FIT offers a useful alternative framework to study pro-environmental activity. Studies 3 (N = 75) and 4 (N = 100) considered the performance of pro-environmental behaviours in different sites of practice, as follow-up to the differences that emerged in Studies 1 and 2. They also explored the perceived influence of intrinsic and extrinsic variables on energy saving in home and work settings. The results suggested that the pro-environmental behaviours that are performed at home are often not transferred to the workplace and this might be because extrinsic factors in an organisational setting constrain action. Higher levels of personal FITness helped to align behaviours with intrinsic beliefs; individuals with higher levels of FITness behaved as they felt they ought to, whereas individuals with lower levels of FITness behaved as they were told to. It was suggested, therefore, that higher levels of FITness might support behavioural consistency across contexts. Study 5 (N = 95) explored the extent to which pro-environmental behaviours are characterised by habit and how the strength of habit changes according to level of personal FITness. The results suggested that people act pro-environmentally within distinct behaviour categories and this has little or no bearing on their propensity to behave in an environmentally friendly way in other areas. Habits can have a positive influence on the performance of pro-environmental behaviour but a negative influence on behaviour change. The empirical results suggest that a higher level of FITness might help people to engage more readily with pro-environmental behaviours that are performed less frequently. It was, therefore, suggested that developing levels of personal FITness might help individuals to extend their behavioural repertoire and be sufficiently flexible to include more pro-environmental behaviours, including those that are, at present, characterised less by habit. A second literature review on interventions for pro-environmental behaviour change found that many techniques have been developed from the perspective of bounded rationality and have assumed that the provision of information will initiate behaviour change. These approaches are often ineffective because of the resistive effects of habit. In light of this and the findings of the empirical studies, a FIT-based behaviour change intervention, named here as Do Something Greener, was developed as an alternative approach to address directly the problem of habit. Overall, this programme of research suggests that the influence of habits, opportunities, and thoughts should be considered in the study of pro-environmental activity. Further research exploring the effectiveness of Do Something Greener for pro-environmental behaviour change is necessary and planned as the next step in this programme of research. By exploring pro-environmental behaviour from a different perspective, it is hoped that this programme of research has also challenged some of the habitual tendencies that researchers are themselves starting to develop in relation to the study of pro-environmental behaviour, and that it has added a degree of eclecticism and pragmatism to psychological approaches to pro-environmental behaviour change. It is hoped that this will help to set a more practically oriented agenda for future research