An exploration into young people with type 1 diabetes perceptions of control

The portfolio thesis has three parts:Part one is a systematic literature review reviewing the literature on the relationship between parenting style and diabetes management in children and young people with type 1 diabetes. Seven papers were systematically reviewed and the findings and clinical implications are discussed.Part two is an empirical paper, which explores adolescents with type 1 diabetes perceptions of control. Six adolescents who perceived themselves to have low personal and/or treatment control were interviewed about their experiences. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The findings of the study are discussed along with the clinical implications of the study and areas of future research.Part three comprises the appendices, which compliment parts one and two of the portfolio. The appendices also includes a reflective statemen

Audit of Antenatal Testing of Sexually Transmissible Infections and Blood Borne Viruses at Western Australian Hospitals

In August 2007, the Western Australian Department of Health (DOH) released updated recommendations for testing of sexually transmissible infections (STI) and blood-borne viruses (BBV) in antenates. Prior to this, the Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) antenatal testing recommendations had been accepted practice in most antenatal settings. The RANZCOG recommends that testing for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C be offered at the first antenatal visit. The DOH recommends that in addition, chlamydia testing be offered. We conducted a baseline audit of antenatal STI/BBV testing in women who delivered at selected public hospitals before the DOH recommendations. We examined the medical records of 200 women who had delivered before 1st July 2007 from each of the sevenWAhospitals included in the audit. STI and BBV testing information and demographic data were collected. Of the 1,409 women included, 1,205 (86%) were non-Aboriginal and 200 (14%) were Aboriginal. High proportions of women had been tested for HIV (76%), syphilis (86%), hepatitis C (87%) and hepatitis B (88%). Overall, 72% of women had undergone STI/BBV testing in accordance with RANZCOG recommendations. However, chlamydia testing was evident in only 18% of records. STI/BBV prevalence ranged from 3.9% (CI 1.5– 6.3%) for chlamydia, to 1.7% (CI 1–2.4%) for hepatitis C, 0.7% (CI 0.3–1.2) for hepatitis B and 0.6% (CI 0.2–1) for syphilis. Prior to the DOH recommendations, nearly three-quarters of antenates had undergone STI/BBV testing in accordance with RANZCOG recommendations, but less than one fifth had been tested for chlamydia. The DOH recommendations will be further promoted with the assistance of hospitals and other stakeholders. A future audit will be conducted to determine the proportion of women tested according to the DOH recommendations. The hand book from this conference is available for download Published in 2008 by the Australasian Society for HIV Medicine Inc © Australasian Society for HIV Medicine Inc 2008 ISBN: 978-1-920773-59-

Cancer care quality measures: symptoms and end-of-life care (Evidence report/technology assessment no. 137)

251 pagesEvaluates the quality of end-of-life care for cancer patients. The study was conducted using the medical literature

Rapid systematic review of systematic reviews : what befriending, social support and low intensity psychosocial interventions, delivered remotely, may reduce social isolation and loneliness among older adults and how? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic ‘social distancing’ has highlighted the need to minimise loneliness and isolation among older adults (aged 50+). We wanted to know what remotely delivered befriending, social support and low intensity psychosocial interventions may help to alleviate social isolation and loneliness and how they work. METHODS: We followed a systematic ‘review of reviews’ approach. Searches of 11 databases from the fields of health, social care, psychology and social science were undertaken during April 2020. Reviews meeting our PICOS criteria were included if they focussed on the evaluation of remote interventions to reduce levels of social isolation or loneliness in adults aged 50+ and were critically appraised using AMSTAR2. Narrative synthesis was used at a review and study level to develop a typology of intervention types and their effectiveness. Intervention Component Analysis (ICA) and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) were used at a study level to explore the characteristics of successful interventions. RESULTS: We synthesised evidence from five systematic reviews and 18 primary studies. Remote befriending, social support and low intensity psychosocial interventions took the form of: (i) supported video-communication; (ii) online discussion groups and forums; (iii) telephone befriending; (iv) social networking sites; and (v) multi-tool interventions. The majority of studies utilised the first two approaches, and were generally regarded positively by older adults, although with mixed evidence around effectiveness. Focussing on processes and mechanisms, using ICA and QCA, we found that the interventions that were most successful in improving social support: (i) enabled participants to speak freely and to form close relationships; (ii) ensured participants have shared experiences/characteristics; (iii) included some form of pastoral guidance. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight a set of intervention processes that should be incorporated into interventions, although they do not lead us to recommend specific modes of support, due to the heterogeneity of interventions

Hotel rating through guest feedback

Hotel rating refers to the process where the comfort and services of a hotel are assessed and classified, usually in five categories, using stars as symbols. Conventional hotel rating systems are generally operated by governments or independent parties. However, with the growth of social media and customer-review sites, guest review platforms became an important source of information. The main aim of this study is to establish whether guest feedback can determine hotel ratings more accurately than conventional methods and whether a social media platform such as TripAdvisor can provide the necessary data to do so. The customer-review website, TripAdvisor, has grown rapidly and made a strong impact on the tourism and hotel industry. This study identifies the nature of TripAdvisor, its reliability, how its ratings compare with conventional ratings, and what criteria are used in guest reviews on TripAdvisor when assessing the quality of a hotel. These findings were triangulated with findings from the conventional rating systems of the 11 destinations that were sampled for this study to identify the value of TripAdvisor. Two samples were taken from TripAdvisor of 110 and 33 hotels, respectively. From the latter, ten guest reviews were gathered and analysed per hotel, resulting in a total of 330 reviews that were analysed. The study’s findings indicate that TripAdvisor is the largest guest feedback platform for hotels and its data can be considered to be reliable. The TripAdvisor ratings were not connected to the conventional ratings of the sampled hotels. The criteria used in TripAdvisor reviews focused more on service delivery than on the objective tangible elements used in most hotel rating systems. The rich context found in most guest reviews makes the information presented on TripAdvisor valuable. There is no evidence that conventionalrating system controls are linked to the comments found in TripAdvisor reviews. The results facilitated the identification of the delight and frustration factors in services marketing for the hotel industry. A new theory to include guest feedback in hotel ratings is developed and proposed. The study further presents two future scenarios, the most likely one of which predicts the demise of conventional rating systems as a result of the success of guest feedback platforms such as TripAdvisor

Incorporating contextual integrity into privacy decision making: a risk based approach.

This work sought to create a privacy assessment framework that would encompass legal, policy and contextual considerations to provide a practical decision support tool or prototype for determining privacy risks, thereby integrating the privacy decision-making function into organisational decision-making by default. This was achieved by way of a meta-model from which two separate privacy assessment frameworks were derived, each represented as a stand-alone prototype spreadsheet tool for privacy assessment before being amalgamated into the main contribution of this work, the PACT (PrivACy Throughout) framework, also presented as a prototype spreadsheet. Thus, this work makes four contributions. First, a meta-model of Contextual Integrity (CI) (Nissenbaum 2010) is presented, where CI has been broken down into its component parts to provide an easy to interpret visual representation of CI. Second, a practical privacy decision support framework for assessing data suitability for publication as open data, the ContextuaL Integrity For Open Data (CLIFOD) questionnaire is presented. Third, the scope of the framework is expanded upon to include other industry sectors or domains. To this end, a data protection impact assessment (DPIA), the DPIA Data Wheel, is exhibited that integrates the provisions brought in by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) with CI and a revised version of CLIFOD. This framework is applied and evaluated in the charity sector to demonstrate the applicability of the concepts derived in CLIFOD to any domain where data is processed or shared. Finally, this work culminates with the main contribution of this work, one overarching framework, PrivACy Throughout (PACT). PACT is a privacy decision framework for assessing privacy risks throughout the data lifecycle. It has been derived and underpinned by existing theory though the amalgamation of CLIFOD and the DPIA Data Wheel and extended upon to include a privacy lifecycle plan (PLAN) for managing the data throughout its data life cycle. PACT, incorporates context (using CI), with contemporary legislation, in particular, the General Data Protection Regu- lation (GDPR), to facilitate consistent and repeatable privacy risk assessment from both the perspective of the data subject and the organisation, thereby supporting organisational decision making around privacy risk for both existing and new projects, systems, data and processes

Triple Helix as a Strategic Tool to Fast-Track Climate Change Adaptation in Rural Kenya: Case Study of Marsabit County

AbstractThe lack of affordable, clean, and reliable energy in Africa's rural areas forces people to resort to poor quality energy source, which is detrimental to the people's health and prevents the economic development of communities. Moreover, access to safe water and food security are concerns closely linked to health issues and children malnourishment. Recent climate change due to global warming has worsened the already critical situation.Electricity is well known to be an enabler of development as it allows the use of modern devices thus enabling the development of not only income-generating activities but also water pumping and food processing and conservation that can promote socioeconomic growth. However, all of this is difficult to achieve due to the lack of investors, local skills, awareness by the community, and often also government regulations.All the above mentioned barriers to the uptake of electricity in rural Kenya could be solved by the coordinated effort of government, private sector, and academia, also referred to as Triple Helix, in which each entity may partially take the other's role. This chapter discretizes the above and shows how a specific county (Marsabit) has benefited from this triple intervention. Existing government policies and actions and programs led by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies are reviewed, highlighting the current interconnection and gaps in promoting integrated actions toward climate change adaptation and energy access