Prosumer Cluster of Single-Family Houses under the Danish Net Metering Policy

In the energy sector, prosumers are typically houses with rooftop PV. With the drastically falling prices of PV panels, the number of installations is rising. Prosumers can have negative impacts, on power grids especially in the distribution grid. In order to mitigate this effect, and for the own benefit of the prosumers, they can function as groups sharing their resources. A literature overview is given focusing on studies that deal with this issue from the prosumer perspective, showing that many optimization studies focus on maximizing economical benefits and others on self-consumption or related indicators by means of energy management strategies and market models, most often hourly based. A case study is presented in the context of the current Danish net-metering scheme. The results show that savings for prosumers and increase of total self-consumption can be achieved by redistributing energy within the building cluster with rule-based control

How will consumer-centric markets impact distribution grids considering AC-OPF?

Atualmente, os prosumers (consumidores com capacidade de geração de energia elétrica) têm vindo a ganhar um papel mais influente no sistema elétrico de energia. Estes têm a capacidade de gerar energia elétrica através de painéis fotovoltaicos, entre outras tecnologias. Neste sentido, tem surgido o aparecimento de pequenas comunidades de energia com base nos princípios de economia de partilha, em que um determinado produtor pode partilhar energia com um consumidor na vizinhança. Estas comunidades, têm por base a negociação de energia entre vários agentes e são comummente designados por mercados peer-to-peer (P2P). Não obstante, a injeção de potência na rede por parte dos consumidores pode originar fluxo de potência bidirecional na rede de distribuição, podendo eventualmente originar problemas de congestionamento e de tensão. Esta dissertação consiste no desenvolvimento de mercados P2P capazes de permitir a partilha de energia entre pequenos consumidores e produtores, tendo em conta as restrições de funcionamento da rede elétrica. Para consideração das restrições da rede, um trânsito de potências AC deverá ser implementado a garantir total exequibilidade das transações entre peers. Assim, é esperado o desenvolvimento de um modelo capaz de integrar mutuamente a partilha de energia entre agentes e as limitações técnicas da rede de forma a garantir que nenhuma transação de energia origina problemas na rede de distribuição. O resultado final será uma plataforma capaz de dinamizar a partilha de energia entre pequenos produtores e consumidores, levando em conta o seu impacto na rede de distribuição

A Classification Scheme for Local Energy Trading

The current trend towards more renewable and sustainable energy generation leads to an increased interest in new energy management systems and the concept of a smart grid. One important aspect of this is local energy trading, which is an extension of existing electricity markets by including prosumers, who are consumers also producing electricity. Prosumers having a surplus of energy may directly trade this surplus with other prosumers, which are currently in demand. In this paper, we present an overview of the literature in the area of local energy trading. In order to provide structure to the broad range of publications, we identify key characteristics, define the various settings, and cluster the considered literature along these characteristics. We identify three main research lines, each with a distinct setting and research question. We analyze and compare the settings, the used techniques, and the results and findings within each cluster and derive connections between the clusters. In addition, we identify important aspects, which up to now have to a large extent been neglected in the considered literature and highlight interesting research directions, and open problems for future work.Comment: 38 pages, 1 figure, This work has been submitted and accepted at OR Spectru

Advances in Energy System Optimization

The papers presented in this open access book address diverse challenges in decarbonizing energy systems, ranging from operational to investment planning problems, from market economics to technical and environmental considerations, from distribution grids to transmission grids, and from theoretical considerations to data provision concerns and applied case studies. While most papers have a clear methodological focus, they address policy-relevant questions at the same time. The target audience therefore includes academics and experts in industry as well as policy makers, who are interested in state-of-the-art quantitative modelling of policy relevant problems in energy systems. The 2nd International Symposium on Energy System Optimization (ISESO 2018) was held at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) under the symposium theme “Bridging the Gap Between Mathematical Modelling and Policy Support” on October 10th and 11th 2018. ISESO 2018 was organized by the KIT, the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), the Heidelberg University, the German Aerospace Center and the University of Stuttgart

Virtual power plant models and electricity markets - A review

In recent years, the integration of distributed generation in power systems has been accompanied by new facility operations strategies. Thus, it has become increasingly important to enhance management capabilities regarding the aggregation of distributed electricity production and demand through different types of virtual power plants (VPPs). It is also important to exploit their ability to participate in electricity markets to maximize operating profits. This review article focuses on the classification and in-depth analysis of recent studies that propose VPP models including interactions with different types of energy markets. This classification is formulated according to the most important aspects to be considered for these VPPs. These include the formulation of the model, techniques for solving mathematical problems, participation in different types of markets, and the applicability of the proposed models to real case studies. From the analysis of the studies, it is concluded that the most recent models tend to be more complete and realistic in addition to featuring greater diversity in the types of electricity markets in which VPPs participate. The aim of this review is to identify the most profitable VPP scheme to be applied in each regulatory environment. It also highlights the challenges remaining in this field of study

Applications of Agent-Based Methods in Multi-Energy Systems—A Systematic Literature Review

The need for a greener and more sustainable energy system evokes a need for more extensive energy system transition research. The penetration of distributed energy resources and Internet of Things technologies facilitate energy system transition towards the next generation of energy system concepts. The next generation of energy system concepts include “integrated energy system”, “multi-energy system”, or “smart energy system”. These concepts reveal that future energy systems can integrate multiple energy carriers with autonomous intelligent decision making. There are noticeable trends in using the agent-based method in research of energy systems, including multi-energy system transition simulation with agent-based modeling (ABM) and multi-energy system management with multi-agent system (MAS) modeling. The need for a comprehensive review of the applications of the agent-based method motivates this review article. Thus, this article aims to systematically review the ABM and MAS applications in multi-energy systems with publications from 2007 to the end of 2021. The articles were sorted into MAS and ABM applications based on the details of agent implementations. MAS application papers in building energy systems, district energy systems, and regional energy systems are reviewed with regard to energy carriers, agent control architecture, optimization algorithms, and agent development environments. ABM application papers in behavior simulation and policy-making are reviewed with regard to the agent decision-making details and model objectives. In addition, the potential future research directions in reinforcement learning implementation and agent control synchronization are highlighted. The review shows that the agent-based method has great potential to contribute to energy transition studies with its plug-and-play ability and distributed decision-making process

Scheduling of Resources in Renewable Energy Communities

This work presents a detailed study of the scheduling of power and energy resources in renewable energy communities (RECs). The study has been developed starting from the analysis of a single basic unit of the community, i.e., the prosumer and its microgrid, to the scheduling and expansion of the energy community concept with several prosumers through several scenarios. The individual scheduling problem of the prosumer has been studied as a day-ahead deterministic problem and as a multistage stochastic problem to consider uncertainties associated with energy generation and energy consumption. Furthermore, an approach has been formulated to consider the integration of bidirectional charging services of electrical vehicles within a local energy system with the presence of renewable generation. Moreover, this thesis focuses on the scenario in which direct energy transactions between prosumers located within a REC are allowed in addition to the energy transactions with the external energy provider. The day-ahead scheduling problem has been addressed by a centralized approach and by a distributed approach based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The developed approaches provide the scheduling of the available energy resources to limit the balancing action of the external grid and allocate the internal network losses to the corresponding energy transactions. Finally, the thesis presents a coordinated day-ahead and intra-day approach to provide the optimal scheduling of the resources in a REC. In this case, the ADMM-based procedure, which is aimed at minimizing the total energy procurement costs, is adapted to cope with the impact of the fluctuation of both the local energy generation and demand during the day. To achieve this, a day-ahead multistage stochastic optimization approach is combined with an intra-day decision-making procedure, able to adjust the scheduling of the energy resources according to the current operational conditions