Addressing the Challenges in Federating Edge Resources

This book chapter considers how Edge deployments can be brought to bear in a global context by federating them across multiple geographic regions to create a global Edge-based fabric that decentralizes data center computation. This is currently impractical, not only because of technical challenges, but is also shrouded by social, legal and geopolitical issues. In this chapter, we discuss two key challenges - networking and management in federating Edge deployments. Additionally, we consider resource and modeling challenges that will need to be addressed for a federated Edge.Comment: Book Chapter accepted to the Fog and Edge Computing: Principles and Paradigms; Editors Buyya, Sriram

Resource Allocation in SDN/NFV-Enabled Core Networks

For next generation core networks, it is anticipated to integrate communication, storage and computing resources into one unified, programmable and flexible infrastructure. Software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) become two enablers. SDN decouples the network control and forwarding functions, which facilitates network management and enables network programmability. NFV allows the network functions to be virtualized and placed on high capacity servers located anywhere in the network, not only on dedicated devices in current networks. Driven by SDN and NFV platforms, the future network architecture is expected to feature centralized network management, virtualized function chaining, reduced capital and operational costs, and enhanced service quality. The combination of SDN and NFV provides a potential technical route to promote the future communication networks. It is imperative to efficiently manage, allocate and optimize the heterogeneous resources, including computing, storage, and communication resources, to the customized services to achieve better quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning. This thesis makes some in-depth researches on efficient resource allocation for SDN/NFV-enabled core networks in multiple aspects and dimensionality. Typically, the resource allocation task is implemented in three aspects. Given the traffic metrics, QoS requirements, and resource constraints of the substrate network, we first need to compose a virtual network function (VNF) chain to form a virtual network (VN) topology. Then, virtual resources allocated to each VNF or virtual link need to be optimized in order to minimize the provisioning cost while satisfying the QoS requirements. Next, we need to embed the virtual network (i.e., VNF chain) onto the substrate network, in which we need to assign the physical resources in an economical way to meet the resource demands of VNFs and links. This involves determining the locations of NFV nodes to host the VNFs and the routing from source to destination. Finally, we need to schedule the VNFs for multiple services to minimize the service completion time and maximize the network performance. In this thesis, we study resource allocation in SDN/NFV-enabled core networks from the aforementioned three aspects. First, we jointly study how to design the topology of a VN and embed the resultant VN onto a substrate network with the objective of minimizing the embedding cost while satisfying the QoS requirements. In VN topology design, optimizing the resource requirement for each virtual node and link is necessary. Without topology optimization, the resources assigned to the virtual network may be insufficient or redundant, leading to degraded service quality or increased embedding cost. The joint problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), where queueing theory is utilized as the methodology to analyze the network delay and help to define the optimal set of physical resource requirements at network elements. Two algorithms are proposed to obtain the optimal/near-optimal solutions of the MINLP model. Second, we address the multi-SFC embedding problem by a game theoretical approach, considering the heterogeneity of NFV nodes, the effect of processing-resource sharing among various VNFs, and the capacity constraints of NFV nodes. In the proposed resource constrained multi-SFC embedding game (RC-MSEG), each SFC is treated as a player whose objective is to minimize the overall latency experienced by the supported service flow, while satisfying the capacity constraints of all its NFV nodes. Due to processing-resource sharing, additional delay is incurred and integrated into the overall latency for each SFC. The capacity constraints of NFV nodes are considered by adding a penalty term into the cost function of each player, and are guaranteed by a prioritized admission control mechanism. We first prove that the proposed game RC-MSEG is an exact potential game admitting at least one pure Nash Equilibrium (NE) and has the finite improvement property (FIP). Then, we design two iterative algorithms, namely, the best response (BR) algorithm with fast convergence and the spatial adaptive play (SAP) algorithm with great potential to obtain the best NE of the proposed game. Third, the VNF scheduling problem is investigated to minimize the makespan (i.e., overall completion time) of all services, while satisfying their different end-to-end (E2E) delay requirements. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) which is NP-hard with exponentially increasing computational complexity as the network size expands. To solve the MILP with high efficiency and accuracy, the original problem is reformulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) problem with variable action set. Then, a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is developed to learn the best scheduling policy by continuously interacting with the network environment. The proposed learning algorithm determines the variable action set at each decision-making state and accommodates different execution time of the actions. The reward function in the proposed algorithm is carefully designed to realize delay-aware VNF scheduling. To sum up, it is of great importance to integrate SDN and NFV in the same network to accelerate the evolution toward software-enabled network services. We have studied VN topology design, multi-VNF chain embedding, and delay-aware VNF scheduling to achieve efficient resource allocation in different dimensions. The proposed approaches pave the way for exploiting network slicing to improve resource utilization and facilitate QoS-guaranteed service provisioning in SDN/NFV-enabled networks