Katakan tidak pada rasuah

Isu atau masalah rasuah menjadi topik utama sama ada di peringkat antarabangsa mahupun di peringkat dalam negara. Pertubuhan Bangsa- bangsa Bersatu menegaskan komitmen komuniti antarabangsa bertegas untuk mencegah dan mengawal rasuah melalui buku bertajuk United Nations Convention against Corruption. Hal yang sama berlaku di Malaysia. Melalui pernyataan visi oleh mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamed memberikan indikasi bahawa kerajaan Malaysia komited untuk mencapai aspirasi agar Malaysia dikenali kerana integriti dan bukannya rasuah. Justeru, tujuan penulisan bab ini adalah untuk membincangkan rasuah dari beberapa sudut termasuk perbincangan dari sudut agama Islam, faktor-faktor berlakunya gejala rasuah, dan usaha-usaha yang dijalankan di Malaysia untuk membanteras gejala rasuah. Perkara ini penting bagi mengenalpasti penjawat awam menanamkan keyakinan dalam melaksanakan tanggungjawab dengan menghindari diri daripada rasuah agar mereka sentiasa peka mengutamakan kepentingan awam

Review of Energy Efficient Techniques of IoT

The network across which the information is sensed by the sensor devices and then forwarded to the sink is known as Internet of Things (IoT). Even though this system is deployed in several applications, there are certain issues faced in it due to its dynamic nature. The internet of things is derived from the wireless sensor networks. The sensor nodes which are deployed to sense environmental conditions are very small in size and also deployed on the far places due to which energy consumption is the major issue of internet of things. This research work related to reduce energy consumption of the network so that lifetime can be improved. In the existing system the approach of multilevel clustering is used for the data aggregation to base station. In the approach of multilevel clustering, the whole network is divided into clusters and cluster heads are selected in each cluster. The energy efficient techniques of internet of things are reviewed and analyzed in terms of certain parameters

Metaheuristics Techniques for Cluster Head Selection in WSN: A Survey

In recent years, Wireless sensor communication is growing expeditiously on the capability to gather information, communicate and transmit data effectively. Clustering is the main objective of improving the network lifespan in Wireless sensor network. It includes selecting the cluster head for each cluster in addition to grouping the nodes into clusters. The cluster head gathers data from the normal nodes in the cluster, and the gathered information is then transmitted to the base station. However, there are many reasons in effect opposing unsteady cluster head selection and dead nodes. The technique for selecting a cluster head takes into factors to consider including residual energy, neighbors’ nodes, and the distance between the base station to the regular nodes. In this study, we thoroughly investigated by number of methods of selecting a cluster head and constructing a cluster. Additionally, a quick performance assessment of the techniques' performance is given together with the methods' criteria, advantages, and future directions

Particle Swarm Optimization for the Clustering of Wireless Sensors

Clustering is necessary for data aggregation, hierarchical routing, optimizing sleep patterns, election of extremal sensors, optimizing coverage and resource allocation, reuse of frequency bands and codes, and conserving energy. Optimal clustering is typically an NP-hard problem. Solutions to NP-hard problems involve searches through vast spaces of possible solutions. Evolutionary algorithms have been applied successfully to a variety of NP-hard problems. We explore one such approach, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), an evolutionary programming technique where a \u27swarm\u27 of test solutions, analogous to a natural swarm of bees, ants or termites, is allowed to interact and cooperate to find the best solution to the given problem. We use the PSO approach to cluster sensors in a sensor network. The energy efficiency of our clustering in a data-aggregation type sensor network deployment is tested using a modified LEACH-C code. The PSO technique with a recursive bisection algorithm is tested against random search and simulated annealing; the PSO technique is shown to be robust. We further investigate developing a distributed version of the PSO algorithm for clustering optimally a wireless sensor network

Dependability in Aggregation by Averaging

Aggregation is an important building block of modern distributed applications, allowing the determination of meaningful properties (e.g. network size, total storage capacity, average load, majorities, etc.) that are used to direct the execution of the system. However, the majority of the existing aggregation algorithms exhibit relevant dependability issues, when prospecting their use in real application environments. In this paper, we reveal some dependability issues of aggregation algorithms based on iterative averaging techniques, giving some directions to solve them. This class of algorithms is considered robust (when compared to common tree-based approaches), being independent from the used routing topology and providing an aggregation result at all nodes. However, their robustness is strongly challenged and their correctness often compromised, when changing the assumptions of their working environment to more realistic ones. The correctness of this class of algorithms relies on the maintenance of a fundamental invariant, commonly designated as "mass conservation". We will argue that this main invariant is often broken in practical settings, and that additional mechanisms and modifications are required to maintain it, incurring in some degradation of the algorithms performance. In particular, we discuss the behavior of three representative algorithms Push-Sum Protocol, Push-Pull Gossip protocol and Distributed Random Grouping under asynchronous and faulty (with message loss and node crashes) environments. More specifically, we propose and evaluate two new versions of the Push-Pull Gossip protocol, which solve its message interleaving problem (evidenced even in a synchronous operation mode).Comment: 14 pages. Presented in Inforum 200

Adaptive Duty Cycling MAC Protocols Using Closed-Loop Control for Wireless Sensor Networks

The fundamental design goal of wireless sensor MAC protocols is to minimize unnecessary power consumption of the sensor nodes, because of its stringent resource constraints and ultra-power limitation. In existing MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), duty cycling, in which each node periodically cycles between the active and sleep states, has been introduced to reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Existing MAC schemes, however, use a fixed duty cycling regardless of multi-hop communication and traffic fluctuations. On the other hand, there is a tradeoff between energy efficiency and delay caused by duty cycling mechanism in multi-hop communication and existing MAC approaches only tend to improve energy efficiency with sacrificing data delivery delay. In this paper, we propose two different MAC schemes (ADS-MAC and ELA-MAC) using closed-loop control in order to achieve both energy savings and minimal delay in wireless sensor networks. The two proposed MAC schemes, which are synchronous and asynchronous approaches, respectively, utilize an adaptive timer and a successive preload frame with closed-loop control for adaptive duty cycling. As a result, the analysis and the simulation results show that our schemes outperform existing schemes in terms of energy efficiency and delivery delay

Energy Efficient Transmission Techniques in Continuous-Monitoring and Event-Detection Wireless Sensor Networks

International audienc

Energy Efficient Routing Protocols and algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks a A Survey

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology for monitoring physical world. The sensor nodes are capable of sensing various types of environmental conditions, have some processing capabilities and ability to communicate the sensed data through wireless communication. Routing algorithms for WSNs are responsible for selecting and maintaining the routes in the network and ensure reliable and effective communication in limited periods. The energy constraint of WSNs make energy saving become the most important objective of various routing algorithms. In this paper, a survey of routing protocols and algorithms used in WSNs is presented with energy efficiency as the main goal

The Hybrid Algorithm for Data Collection over a Tree Topology in WSN

Wireless sensor networks have wide range of application such as analysis of traffic, monitoring of environmental, industrial process monitoring, technical systems, civilian and military application. Data collection is a basic function of wireless sensor networks (WSN) where sensor nodes determine attributes about a phenomenon of concern and transmits their readings to a common base station(sink node). In this paper, we use contention-free Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) support scheduling protocols for such data collection applications over tree-based routing topology. We represent a data gathering techniques to get the growing capacity, routing protocol all along with algorithms planned for remote wireless sensor networks. This paper describes about the model of sensor networks which has been made workable by the junction of micro-electro-mechanical systems technologies, digital electronics and wireless communications. Firstly the sensing tasks and the potential sensor network applications are explored, and assessment of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. In our propose work using data compression and packet merging techniques; or taking advantage of the correlation in the sensor readings. Consider continuous monitoring applications where perfect aggregation is achievable, i.e., every node is capable of aggregate the entire packets expected from its children as well as that generate by itself into a particular packet before transmit in the direction of its sink node or base station or parent node. Keyword: Aggregation, Data Converge-cast, Data fusion, Energy Efficiency, Routing and TDMA

Data Aggregation and Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are normally composed of low powered, inexpensive device that is constrained in terms of memory, computation and communication. To reduce communication overhead and resource consumption in WSN, data aggregation is used to increase network lifetime. Hence, the design of an efficient data aggregation protocol is an important issues and inherently challenging task of robust WSN. In this paper, various types of Data Aggregation in WSN, security issues are studied and also author presented possible key research issues of WSN data aggregation