Hybrid micro-grids exploiting renewables sources, battery energy storages and bi-directional converters

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Smart grid interoperability use cases for extending electricity storage modeling within the IEC Common Information Model

Copyright @ 2012 IEEEThe IEC Common Information Model (CIM) is recognized as a core standard, supporting electricity transmission system interoperability. Packages of UML classes make up its domain ontology to enable a standardised abstraction of network topology and proprietary power system models. Since the early days of its design, the CIM has grown to reflect the widening scope and detail of utility information use cases as the desire to interoperate between a greater number of systems has increased. The cyber-physical nature of the smart grid places even greater demand upon the CIM to model future scenarios for power system operation and management that are starting to arise. Recent developments of modern electricity networks have begun to implement electricity storage (ES) technologies to provide ancillary balancing services, useful to grid integration of large-scale renewable energy systems. In response to this we investigate modeling of grid-scale electricity storage, by drawing on information use cases for future smart grid operational scenarios at National Grid, the GB Transmission System Operator. We find current structures within the CIM do not accommodate the informational requirements associated with novel ES systems and propose extensions to address this requirement.This study is supported by the UK National Grid and Brunel Universit

Advanced control strategies for vehicle to grid systems with electric vehicles as distributed sources

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.This thesis focuses on the control and implementation of the vehicle to grid (V2G) system in a smart grid. Important issues like structure, principle, performance, and control of energy storage systems for electrical vehicles and power systems are discussed. In recent decades, due to rapid consumption of the earth’s oil resources, air pollution and global warming (a result of the “greenhouse effect”), the development of electrical vehicles (EVs), hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are attracting more and more attentions. In order to provide regulation services and spinning reserves (to meet sudden demands for power), V2G services have a promising prospective future for grid support. It has been proposed that in the future development, such use of V2G could buffer and support effectively the penetration of renewable sources in power systems. This PhD thesis project aims to develop novel and competitive control strategies for V2G services implementation for EVs in smart electrical car parks or Smartparks. Through a comprehensive literature review of the current EV development and energy storage systems used for EVs, several energy storage technologies are compared and a hybrid energy storage system consisting of batteries and supercapacitors is proposed. This system combines effectively the advantages of high energy density of battery banks and high power density of supercapacitor banks. Supercapacitor and battery cells are tested in the laboratory using different charging and discharging procedures. Different supercapacitor and battery models are compared, discussed, and verified using the experimental data. For the energy storage system package, a cell voltage balance circuit is developed for the supercapacitor module. The principle of this circuit is also applicable to the battery module. The proposed balancing method is simple and reliable, and presents good performance for voltage balancing to prolong the lifetime of the energy storage system. The essential technology of V2G is based on the bidirectional power flow control of the charger. Besides charging the EV batteries, it can utilize the stored energy to feed electricity back to the power grid when there is a need. Three-phase AC/DC converters have been extensively used in industrial applications and also the V2G chargers. The power converters used for the V2G services are required to operate more efficiently and effectively to maintain high power quality and dynamic stability. Then the AC/DC converter used for the bidirectional V2G charger is developed and modelled. For the control aspect of AC/DC converter, a new control approach using a model predictive control (MPC) scheme is developed for V2G applications. With the advanced control strategy, the EVs in Smartparks can exchange both active and reactive power with the grid flexibly. The MPC algorithm presents excellent steady-state and dynamic performance. When a very large number of EVs are aggregated in Smartparks, the charging and discharging power should be a significant viable contributor to the power grid. New challenges will be introduced into the power system planning and operation. While discharging, the V2G power brings more potential benefits to enhance the power quality and system reliability. Using V2G services, EVs can provide many grid services, such as regulation and spinning reserve, load levelling, serving as external storage for renewable sources. An effective approach to deal with the negligibly small impact of a single EV is to group a large number of EVs. An aggregator is a new player whose role is to collect the EVs by attracting and retaining them so as to result in a MW capacity that can beneficially impact the grid. From the aggregator’ decision, the EVs are determined by the optimal deployment. The aggregator can act as a very effective resource by helping the operator to supply both capacity and energy services to the grid. By supplying active power and reactive power from EVs, the aggregation may be used for frequency and voltage regulation to control frequency and voltage fluctuations that are caused by supply–demand imbalances. Different case studies of EVs’ support to grid are carried out; the results show that V2G services can stabilize the frequency and voltage variations and have control flexibilities to fulfil system reliability and power quality requirements. The main attractiveness of V2G to consumers is that it can produce income to the vehicle owner to maximize car use. On the other hand, the utility companies can use EVs to stabilize the frequency in the power system and improve the utility operation. It also makes the utility companies more efficient with less loss because the energy is generated locally. From this point of view, V2G is a source of revenue in both electricity and transportation system, and it can help the environment reduce pollution and global warming. Various data of V2G systems have been collected for economic analysis, such as EV battery capacities, charging time, and grid electricity price and load demands. Then for the economic issues related to V2G services, optimal charging based on different objectives is presented. Dumbing charging, maximization of the average state of charge (SOC), maximum revenue and minimum cost are compared. Economic issues are a very special aspect of the V2G technology and how a large profit from V2G services can be produced is the main point of attraction to vehicle owners. Significant conclusions based on the research findings are drawn, and possible future works for further development including commercialisation of the V2G technology are proposed

Policy and regulatory barriers to local energy markets in Great Britain

EPG Working Paper: EPG 1801The requirement to decarbonise the GB electricity system, alongside the falling costs of renewable technologies and developments in IT capabilities, provides GB with an opportunity for systemic change in the way that electricity is produced and sold, with the potential to enable flexibility markets at the local level given the correct regulatory conditions. The report highlights a range of regulatory and policy barriers to the Local Energy Market (LEM) approach

A coordinated control of offshore wind power and bess to provide power system flexibility

Article number 4650The massive integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in modern power systems is imposing several challenges; one of them is the increased need for balancing services. Coping with the high variability of the future generation mix with incredible high shares of VER, the power system requires developing and enabling sources of flexibility. This paper proposes and demonstrates a single layer control system for coordinating the steady‐state operation of battery energy storage system (BESS) and wind power plants via multi‐terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC). The proposed coordinated controller is a single layer controller on the top of the power converter‐based technologies. Specifically, the coordinated controller uses the capabilities of the distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS) to store electricity when a logic function is fulfilled. The proposed approach has been implemented considering a control logic based on the power flow in the DC undersea cables and coordinated to charging distributed‐BESS assets. The implemented coordinated controller has been tested using numerical simulations in a modified version of the classical IEEE 14‐bus test system, including tree‐HVDC converter stations. A 24‐h (1‐min resolution) quasi-dynamic simulation was used to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed coordinated control. The controller demonstrated the capacity of fulfilling the defined control logic. Finally, the instan-taneous flexibility power was calculated, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed coordinated controller to provide flexibility and decreased requirements for balancing power

Energy storage systems and power conversion electronics for e-transportation and smart grid

The special issue “Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid” on MDPI Energies presents 20 accepted papers, with authors from North and South America, Asia, Europe and Africa, related to the emerging trends in energy storage and power conversion electronic circuits and systems, with a specific focus on transportation electrification and on the evolution of the electric grid to a smart grid. An extensive exploitation of renewable energy sources is foreseen for smart grid as well as a close integration with the energy storage and recharging systems of the electrified transportation era. Innovations at both algorithmic and hardware (i.e., power converters, electric drives, electronic control units (ECU), energy storage modules and charging stations) levels are proposed