Retinal location and structure in squid rhodopsin

In order to understand retinal we calculated the dihedral angles around carbon axis IOC-12C, since two different carbon sequences 9C-10C-11C-12C and 10C-11C-12C-13C exist. We also calculated the distances between two specified carbon pairs. Those results are tabulated. Photon absorption changes the conformation of retinal conformation. This fact is confirmed from dihedral angle changes and distance changes of targeted of retinal carbon atoms. These matters are discussed in the present paper.Copyright Information: Copyright the autho

Distance Matters: Evidence from the Game of Cricket

Playing at home ground gives advantage to the home side always, though the strength of the teams also plays a major role in the eventual outcome of a given match. It is observed that India is remarkable when it plays at home; however, it becomes quite an ordinary side when it plays at opponents’ home ground. Meanwhile, Australia, which has been the most consistent team for several decades played well both at home and away. After studying the 50-years data of home and away matches for all major cricket playing teams via split technique, it was found that the teams won their matches more, when they play at their home grounds, while playing at opponent’s home-ground may snatch away the victory from them

Local Equivalence and Intrinsic Metrics between Reeb Graphs

As graphical summaries for topological spaces and maps, Reeb graphs are common objects in the computer graphics or topological data analysis literature. Defining good metrics between these objects has become an important question for applications, where it matters to quantify the extent by which two given Reeb graphs differ. Recent contributions emphasize this aspect, proposing novel distances such as {\em functional distortion} or {\em interleaving} that are provably more discriminative than the so-called {\em bottleneck distance}, being true metrics whereas the latter is only a pseudo-metric. Their main drawback compared to the bottleneck distance is to be comparatively hard (if at all possible) to evaluate. Here we take the opposite view on the problem and show that the bottleneck distance is in fact good enough {\em locally}, in the sense that it is able to discriminate a Reeb graph from any other Reeb graph in a small enough neighborhood, as efficiently as the other metrics do. This suggests considering the {\em intrinsic metrics} induced by these distances, which turn out to be all {\em globally} equivalent. This novel viewpoint on the study of Reeb graphs has a potential impact on applications, where one may not only be interested in discriminating between data but also in interpolating between them

Patents, technological inputs and spillovers among regions

This paper analyses the importance of different technological inputs (R&D and human capital) and different spillovers in explaining the differences in patenting among Spanish regions in the period 1986-2003. The analysis is based on the estimation of a knowledge production function. A region’s own R&D activities and human capital are observed to have a positive significant effect on innovation output, measured by the number of patents. R&D spillovers weighted by the distance and the volume of trade flows between regions cause positive effects on a region’s patents. However, distance matters more than the intensity of trade flows and the R&D spillover effects between regions are bounded: spillovers from closer regions perform better than spillovers from distant regions. On the opposite side, human capital spillovers do not cause any effect outside the region itself.patents, R&D, human capital, spillovers