Job displacement among single mothers: effects on children's outcomes in young adulthood.

Given the recent era of economic upheaval, studying the effects of job displacement has seldom been so timely and consequential. Despite a large literature associating displacement with worker well-being, relatively few studies focus on the effects of parental displacement on child well-being, and fewer still focus on implications for children of single-parent households. Moreover, notwithstanding a large literature on the relationship between single motherhood and children's outcomes, research on intergenerational effects of involuntary employment separations among single mothers is limited. Using 30 years of nationally representative panel data and propensity score matching methods, the authors find significant negative effects of job displacement among single mothers on children's educational attainment and social-psychological well-being in young adulthood. Effects are concentrated among older children and children whose mothers had a low likelihood of displacement, suggesting an important role for social stigma and relative deprivation in the effects of socioeconomic shocks on child well-being

‘Entrepreneurial’ local state: the implications of Beijing’s shifting emphasis on urban redevelopment policies

The entrepreneurial nature of local government activities has significantly influenced socio-economic and spatial changes in urban China. It was against this backdrop that property-led redevelopment projects were implemented in Beijing since 1990 by a programme whose very success depended on the participation of developers and prospective homebuyers as major financial contributors. By the end of 1999, roughly onefifth of Beijing’s inner city households were directly hit by this programme. In 2000, however, a new redevelopment policy was introduced in Beijing, and has received an increasing policy emphasis since then. This new policy aims at supplying affordable housing on government-provided land so that it increases existing residents’ re-housing rate. In this context, this paper aims at analysing the implications of this shifting emphasis on Beijing’s urban redevelopment policy to examine if the local government has become less entrepreneurial, thus giving more weight to promoting a more socially inclusive approach. Through a detailed examination of two case studies of inner city redevelopment projects, the paper argues that the entrepreneurial nature of the local state has remained consistent and characterises the revised redevelopment strategy, and that the entrepreneurial state activities are largely supported by the local state power to dispose of urban land use rights, which effectively makes the local state as part of urban rentiers as de facto landlords

Adaptive beamforming of steerable array monopole antenna for WLAN application

The modern communication systems are using smart portable devices that operate on WLAN frequency of 2.45 GHz. One of the serious limitations of handled devices is difficult to achieve a direct connection between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, a smart steerable patter array antenna is highly recommended for new generation communication. Using low-cost steerable passive monopole array antenna can achieve a beam steering and high gain. Loading an additional reactance to the passive elements of the array are changed the mutual coupling between the arrays, which leads to steering the pattern to the desired direction. However, this needs fast process accurate optimised parameters. In this study, four passives one active monopole array antenna is proposed and simulated by using CST Microwave Studio software. The adaptive beamforming is proposed by using downhill simplex algorithm. The results show that the optimum reactance values are suggested after 0.074 second with 94 iterations to achieve a direction of arrival of 180° and 0°. The simulated radiation is successfully steered to the direction of 180 ° by adding the suggested reactance into the passive elements. Furthermore, the antenna gain is improved by 1.3 dBi that achieved a value of 5.3 dBi.The envelope-cross-correlation (ECC) shows magnitudes less than 0.5 among the elements. This algorithm successfully is provided with the optimum reactance values. The proposed approach can be considered a fast and significant candidate for new generation of smart communication WLAN applications

Euclidean distance geometry and applications

Euclidean distance geometry is the study of Euclidean geometry based on the concept of distance. This is useful in several applications where the input data consists of an incomplete set of distances, and the output is a set of points in Euclidean space that realizes the given distances. We survey some of the theory of Euclidean distance geometry and some of the most important applications: molecular conformation, localization of sensor networks and statics.Comment: 64 pages, 21 figure