Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics

This book brings together the most important topics in experimental particle physics in the late twentieth century to give a brief but balanced overview of the subject. The author begins by reviewing particle physics and discussing electromagnetic and nuclear interactions. He then goes on to discuss three nearly universal aspects of particle physics experiments: beams, targets, and fast electronics. The second part of the book treats in detail the properties of various types of particle detector, such as scintillation counters, Cerenkov counters, proportional chambers, drift chambers, sampling calorimeters, and specialized detectors. Wherever possible the author attempts to enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of performance. Finally, he discusses aspects of specific experiments, such as properties of triggers, types of measurement, spectrometers, and the integration of detectors into coherent systems. First published in 1986, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication

Ultrasonic transducer calibration

When a material is placed under stress, small changes within the specimen release ultrasonic energy in the form of stress waves. The change may, for example, be a dislocation movement or the advancement of a crack tip. These ultrasonic pulses are termed Acoustic Emission and may be detected at the material surface by ultrasonic transducers. The detected pulse shape is related to the generating source, to the material geometry through which the pulse propagates and to the response of the ultrasonic transducer used to detect the waves. Work has been carried out to measure both the effect of wave propagation and to calibrate the response of ultrasonic transducers. Three types of ultrasonic wave may exist in a material with a non-zero shear modulus; these are longitudinal waves, shear waves and surface or Rayleigh waves. In a large number of specimen geometries, the surface wave has the largest amplitude. The response of a transducer to this wave is therefore very important. Most transducers respond to the out of plane motion of a material surface carrying ultrasonic waves. Therefore, to successfully calibrate a transducer, some absolute measurement of the out of plane motion due to surface waves must be made. An interferometer has been designed and constructed for this purpose. The calibration of ultrasonic transducers has enabled some development work to be carried oLt on high-fidelity piezoelectric transducers and on piezomagnetic transducers. It is not always possible to measure an ultrasonic pulse directly with a calibrated interferometric detector and therefore to enable a wider range of propagation problems to be investigated, various methods of ultrasonic pulse generation have been studied. These artificial sources of acoustic emission have included brittle fracture, laser impact and stimulation by piezoelectric transducers. This work has enabled theoretical calculations on pulse propagation to be verified

Particle Physics Reference Library

This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Technical Design Report

In this Technical Design Report (TDR) we describe the LZ detector to be built at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The LZ dark matter experiment is designed to achieve sensitivity to a WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of three times ten to the negative forty-eighth square centimeters